Quality Management Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Quality Management Process - Essay Example "The importance of using a plan in order to guide the firm's communication effort would be able to bring forth a clear, coordinated, memorable, and effective way of interacting with one another" (Draft a Communications Plan, 2006). Based on the data presented in the planning process of the project, an estimated time of at least 330 days could be needed in order to complete the quality communications plan. During the course of this period, the staff and the officials who are leaders of the said projects would be able to complete the tasks required of them. Aside from that, additional changes and revisions could be done within that period. The revisions that should be applied within the project should be done so within schedule and also reason. This is because of the tight project schedule that has been planned in the project. Aside from that, there is also the need to thoroughly examine the outcome of the projects done. Testing the outcome of the said project is also necessary to ensure that it would be exactly as planned. The several steps divided into different categories and these categories would be the basis for the flow of the communication report between the company and the participants for the quality communications plan. ... On the other hand, to save time as the project is in a tight schedule, the report regarding the success of the project should be applied or implemented in a regular basis so that the waiting time would not be that long and that other projects could also be done. In the implementation of the plan, there should only be one resource person from the team that would report to the officials because if there are so many people relaying the information, the management would have a hard time comprehending it. It would also be better if there was some kind of system or a chain of command in relaying the message. Another thing which would be likely included in the quality management process is the budget estimate. A budget estimate seems to be more than the acceptable range because of its urgency to be on time and on schedule. The budget throughout the categories would need to be constant as to oversee that there would be no over-spending done in the project. The starting period would be the difficult part because it needs to be well-established so as the other steps would be next in line therefore, a chunk of the budget should be reserved especially to the start of the project. Despite of that, there would be time to cut back on other cost once the project has been progressing in the direction that it should be heading. Collection of Data in the Quality Communications Plan In order to ensure the implementation of the quality communication plan, certain data and information are needed to be collected. Aside from that, these data would also be a guide in determining whether or not such plans are effective or not. Here are some of the data and information needed upon the implementation of the quality

Predicatability of Stock Returns and Dividends Coursework

Predicatability of Stock Returns and Dividends - Coursework Example It requires time, patience and systematic work. Over a period of time, most investors become reasonably healthy, while some of them even succeed in becoming enormously rich. Quite often, in fact usually, they end up making more money than most speculators and gamblers. J. Paul Getty was -one such outstanding example. He became the world's richest man and accumulated a vast fortune of over U.S. $ 2 billion but it took him over fifty years of consistent and steady investing to do so. It would be useful for you to ponder over what he says: Don't misunderstand me. It is possible to make money and a great deal of money-in. the stock market. But it can't be done overnight or by haphazard buying and selling. The big profits go to the intelligent, careful and patient investor, not to the reckless and overeager speculator." (Navjot 57) In the stock market, the heart of the investment process consists of selection, timing, and price. It is all a question of selecting the right company, buying shares in it at the right time and price, and subsequently selling them at the right time and price. Success on the stock market will therefore hinge on your ability to take the right decisions with respect to selection, timing and price. However, these decisions alone will not enable you to make the amount of money you want. That will depend on the following four factors: (i) The amount of money you initially invest; (ii) The period over which the money is invested; (iii) The rate at which the invested capital appreciates in value; and (iv) The income you receive from your invested capital during this period. Therefore, to achieve investment success you should keep these four factors in mind while taking decisions on selection, timing and price. But this is not all. Successful stock market investing goes for beyond selection, timing and price. It involves the setting of personal investment objectives, formulating an investment plan and adopting a suitable investment strategy. The overall objective of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make money at a rate that beats the rate of inflating. In other words, the board objective of all investment is to increase, or at

Antigone Essay Example for Free

Antigone Essay Evil not only fascinates people in general, but writers as well. In what ways and with what effect has â€Å"evil† been treated in Antigone? In the play of ‘Antigone’, evil appears in many forms. There is the soldier who is a traitor to his nation; the sister trying to prove her love for her family yet ends up breaking the law; the king who so eagerly tries to stop rule-breakers yet he himself neglects his flesh and blood. Here the difference of the two works is seen: The Earth of Mankind gives the impression that characters of power possess evil, whereas in Antigone, evil can be inside all of these opposing individuals. Polyneices, a soldier who fought against his own nation was to be punished as a traitor by not burying him after his death. When his sister, Antigone, goes against the King’s decree and burry Polyneices, she was also seen as a traitor to her country. However their other sibling, Ismene, who sits at home as Antigone fights for her brother’s right, is also said to have performed a crime of being a traitor to her family. Now something we can see from here is that each and every character involved in the story so far possesses evil. This message is summed up by Sophocles in page 204 of the book, in Ode 1, where it says, ‘O fate of man, working both good and evil! ’ What the writer is trying to convey here is more realistic than what is said in ‘The Earth of Mankind’; both evil and good is naturally inside everyone’s mind. It is one’s choice to do which, but performing a crime is inevitable. Everyone has his or her own ‘evil’ deeds, not only the powerful ones. As seen in my previous explanation on who performs evil deeds in the play of ‘Antigone’, we can see that one evil act leads to another, whereas the chain of good doings ends sooner. Eteocles, who was a soldier and a brother to Antigone, fought bravely for his nation and was buried with honor by the King. Although many respect him for his virtuosity, the play didn’t show that further kindness was done because of him. However, when Polyneices betrays his nation and fought against it, a number of people are forced to perform evil in his affect. Antigone had to break the law in order to give him his right of getting a burial. Ismene, who was too scared to go against the decree, was said to be a traitor to her family, as she didn’t come to assist Antigone in her mission. They then cause Creon to imprison the sisters, punish them, which then cause him to have a fight with his son. Creon then causes death of Haimon, and therefore leads to the suicide of the Queen. On page 243, the messenger says, ‘†¦and her last breath was a curse for their father, the murderer of her sons. ’ A number of misfortunes occur as being the result of one act of evil. The play now gives the effect that evil gives more negative outcomes in comparison to good giving positive results. Here, evil is powerful enough to make such a big impact on its surrounding; bigger than the good. Creon sees Antigone as a traitor to his rules, despite her reasons. Creon imprisoned both Antigone and Ismene for the burial of the nation’s traitor, Polyneices, who is their brother. It is true that Antigone has broken the law, but according to her logic, it is more important to follow the rules of the Gods than the King. She feels that the dead, no matter what they did in their lives, deserve respect and be buried, and that it was her duty to do so as Polyneices’ sister. She didn’t care that she is breaking the decree, and may be punished to die, as long as this task is done. Creon, being a non-believer of the Gods in the beginning, thinks that breaking the law is crime, no matter for what purpose. Polyneices was a traitor and he suffers because of himself, thus no one should help him. On page 211, Creon even said to Antigone, ‘An enemy is an enemy, even dead. ’ There is truth in both arguments, and no one can say what is right. Here, the play depicts that the existence of evil depends on how one views it. ‘Antigone’ treats evil as a subjective topic, where it may be seen as a crime from one point of view, but is actually a good deed from another. No evil deed is done without a reason, and the play shows that one should explore, not only what crime has been done, but also why it was done.

Tuberculosis (TB) in Prisons and Immigration Removal Centres

Tuberculosis (TB) in Prisons and Immigration Removal Centres An evidence-based partnership approach to tackling Tuberculosis in Prisons and Immigration Removal Centres in London Abstract Background The World Health Organization (WHO) have declared TB as a global emergency with 8.6 million cases of active TB and 1.3 million deaths. The incidence of TB in the UK remains high compared to most other Western European countries, with 8,751 cases reported in 2012, an incidence of 13.9 per 100,000 population. London accounts for the highest proportion of cases in the UK (39%) and the highest rate of disease (41.8 cases per 100,000). Left untreated, one person with pulmonary TB may infect around 10–15 people every year. People in prison and IRCs represent a population who are at particular risk. National estimates for TB prevalence in the prison population are 208 per 100,000 and amongst Londons 10,000 or so prison population we would expect 20 cases, but we are seeing more than double. The cost of treating ‘normal’ TB is around  £5000 and is much greater for more socially complex cases (estimated at  £50,000– £70,000). There is considerable variation in the delivery of some aspects of TB services. A co-ordinated national TB strategy is required to support locally designed and implemented services, and monitor achievements against national standards. This paper presents findings from a partnership between NHS England, PHE and NOMS to tackle TB across its prison population in the overall approach to the overall TB strategy in London. Aims/objectives To establish whether national NICE guidance for TB in prisons and immigration removal centres is being met. Methods Target population included all 9 prisons and 3 IRCs for which NHS England (London region) are responsible. Methods used: 1) An organisational clinical audit during January 2014 using the NICE baseline assessment tool; 2) Stakeholder engagement through a steering group and a wider reference group. Results Effective stakeholder engagement contributed to a 100% completion rate. All establishments had referral pathways in place and a named contact within the local Multidisciplinary TB team and the local Public Health England health protection team. 2/12 establishments did not screen for TB within 48 hours of arrival. 3/12 did not have a local TB policy. 2/12 did not have a named TB lead. None of the DH funded x ray machines were being used in line with NICE recommendations. Latent TB was not being diagnosed or managed. Conclusions Active and systematic case finding is needed within a prison and IRC setting as well as more rigorous and standardised contingency and follow up care plans after release (or transfer). Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) have declared TB as a global emergency with 8.6 million people with TB and 1.3 million deaths due to TB (World Health Organisation, 2013). The six point Stop TB Strategy (World Health Organisation, Europe, 2013b) explicitly addresses the key challenges facing TB with the goal to dramatically reduce the global burden of TB by 2015 by ensuring all TB patients benefit from universal access to high-quality diagnosis and patient-centred treatment. However, there have been challenges in developing and implementing program-wide interventions in both high income(Migliori, Sotgiu, Blasi, et al., 2011) as well as middle and low income countries(Cobelens, van Kampen, Ochodo, et al., 2012). England and Wales have responded to the need to tackle TB where the NHS and the Department of Health have developed a national Action Plan for ‘Stopping Tuberculosis in England’(Department of Health, 2004). NICE have also developed a set of National guidance fo r the identification and management of TB across a number of settings(NICE public health guidance, 2011) which highlights the need for a multi-agency approach. There has been little evidence evaluating the implementation of these guidance. What is TB? TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which spreads in airborne droplets when people with the disease cough or sneeze. Most people infected with M. tuberculosis never become ill as their immune system contains the infection. However, the bacteria remain dormant (latent) within the body, and a latent TB infection can cause active disease many years after the initial infection if immunity declines. The symptoms of TB include a persistent cough, weight loss, and night sweats. The BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guà ©rin vaccine) protects against TB and it was thought possible to wipe out TB through a vaccination programme. The BCG vaccine is made from a weakened form of a bacterium closely related to human TB. Because the bacterium is weak, the vaccine does not cause any disease but it still triggers the immune system to protect against the disease, giving good immunity to people who receive it. In the past, the BCG vaccination programme was delivered to all teenagers in the UK but as TB is a difficult disease to catch because it requires prolonged exposure to an infected person, it was changed so that now only people inat-risk groups are given the vaccination. The vaccine is 70-80% effective against the most severe forms of TB, such as TB meningitis in children but It is less effective in preventing respiratory disease, which is the more common form in adults(Trunz, Fine Dye, 2006). Even with the high coverage now achieved, BCG is unlikely to have any s ubstantial effect on transmission. Risk factors that seem to be of importance at the population level include poor living and working conditions associated with high risk of TB transmission, and factors that impair the hosts defence against TB infection and disease, such as HIV infection, malnutrition, smoking, diabetes, alcohol abuse, and indoor air pollution. Preventive interventions may target these factors directly or via their underlying social determinants. The identification of risk groups also helps to target strategies for early detection of people in need of TB treatment(Là ¶nnroth, Jaramillo, Williams, et al., 2009). How common is TB in the UK? It has been difficult to eradicate TB both globally and in the UK. Vaccination programs and improvements in housing, nutrition and access to treatment have been largely the reason for a global decrease in TB. However, TB is still rife in less developed countries where poor conditions are still present. Several strains of TB bacteria have developed a resistance to one or more anti-TB medications, making them much harder to treat. Theglobal epidemic of HIV that began in the 1980s has also led to a corresponding epidemic of TB cases. This is because HIV weakens a persons immune system, making them more likely to develop a TB infection. The rapid growth of international travel has allowed people to travel widely and this has helped to spread of the disease. Although the rates of TB have stabilised in the UK over the past seven years, following the increase in the incidence from 1990 to 2005, the incidence of TB in the UK remains high compared to most other Western European countries(Hayward, Darton, Van-Tam, et al., 2003). There were 8,751 cases reported in 2012, an incidence of 13.9 per 100,000 population (Health Protection Agency, 2013b). The majority of TB cases (73%) occurred among people born in high-incidence countries and are generally concentrated to large urban areas with a high proportion of people born outside the UK where the rate of TB among the non UK-born population is almost 20 times the rate in the UK-born (Health Protection Agency, 2013b). London accounts for the highest proportion of cases in the UK (39%) and the highest rate of disease (41.8 cases per 100,000), followed by the West Midlands (12%; 19.3 cases per 100,000). Left untreated, one person with pulmonary TB may infect around 10–15 people every year (Department of Health, 2004). TB in prisons It is important to identify settings where the risk of TB transmission is particularly high. Groups at risk not only include people born in high prevalence areas (e.g. sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, Eastern Europe), but also people with reduced immunity (e.g. HIV, diabetes, renal failure), those with alcohol or drug problems and people who are homeless or living in overcrowded conditions (Story, Murad, Roberts, et al., 2007). These risk factors are over represented in prison populations with high levels of social and health needs. A systematic review on the incidence of TB in prisons globally (largely in the USA), showed that TB was about 26x higher than in the general population(Baussano, Williams, Nunn, et al., 2010). In the London prison population, the incidence of TB has been estimated at about 208 per100,000 (Story, Murad, Roberts, et al., 2007). Figure 1: Incidence of TB in different locations and settings[A1] Across the London prison and IRC estate, prisons are at or very close of operational capacity (ranging from 72% 103%) and with the high churn rate which increases the risk of TB transmission and poses significant challenges for TB identification and management (see Table 1). In addition, a significant proportion of the prison population are of a foreign nationality (up to 44% in one prison) and on average, just over one quarter (27%) of the prison population are foreign nationals. The majority of the prison and IRC population are under the age of 39 years old, representing another TB risk factor. Table 1: Summary of Prison Establishments Individuals at high risk for TB are typically unwilling or unable to seek and comply with medical care, and are therefore hard to reach. Individuals at high risk are also more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage of the disease and are less likely to adhere to treatment(Health Protection Agency, 2013b). In prison and IRC settings, overcrowding, late detection, barriers to adequate treatment, and poor implementation of infection control measures might also increase the TB transmission rate and improving prison conditions is a priority for any programme to control TB and reduce its spread back into the community (Levy, Reyes Coninx, 1999). TB has been identified as a key health concern where the need for greater TB control in the prison setting was highlighted in the Chief Medical Officer’s (CMO) action plan for England (Department of Health, 2004). The Department of Health (DH) announced that they were to fund the installation of static Digital X-Ray (DXR) machines in large local prisons receiving people from areas with a high prevalence of TB. This led to the installation of DXR machines in 5 London prisons (and 3 out of London). All participating prisons had their machines signed off and handed over by March 2012 but due to changes in commissioners and providers during the lifetime of the project, the impact of the programme to date has been variable. More recently, the new national partnership agreement(Anon, n.d.) just signed between Public Health England (PHE), NHS England (NHSE) and the National Offender Management Service (NOMS) also draws particular focus and commitment to the epidemiology of TB in pris ons, particularly in those that have access to DXR machines. The agreement sets a priority for this year (2013-14) as: â€Å"Priority 11: Improving the detection and management of TB among prisoners at or near reception.† The commitment in the partnership agreement is to ensure that by April 2014, NHSE, NOMS and PHE will ensure that all fixed digital X-ray machines are fully operational and being used as part of an active care pathway in those prisons where they are currently installed. TB in IRCs Robust data relating to TB in IRCs is not routinely collected or available so there are no estimates of the incidence of TB in these settings. However, a sample of detainees in a single IRC within Southern England identified prevalence rates of 3% for TB (McLaren, Baugh, Plugge, et al., 2013) which is considerably higher than those found among the migrant population in England (Health Protection Agency, 2013b). Detainees at Harmondsworth and Colnbrook are men mostly aged 20-40 (see Table 1) and from disadvantaged areas of the world where TB is still rife. The average length of stay is around 2 weeks; although some have been detained for over 1 year. Guidance for best practice NICE have developed national guidance on the ‘Clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control(NICE public health guidance, 2011), as well as more specific guidelines for identifying and managing TB among hard to reach groups (NICE public health guidance, 2012). This guidance, consistent with World Health Guidance(World Health Organisation, Europe, 2013a), aims to improve the way tuberculosis (TB) among hard-to-reach groups is identified and managed and makes specific reference to using prison and IRC settings to target these groups. NICE recommend that early identification and effective treatment of active TB provides the best outcomes, reduces onward transmission and reduces the development of drug-resistant forms of the disease. The identification and management of latent TB infection is also highlighted. The NICE guidance is based on the evidence resulting from four large systematic reviews(NICE, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d) which informed the key recommendations relating to TB in prisons and IRCs. These include the best ways to identify TB, manage TB, organisational factors and identifying and managing latent TB. Identifying TB There are several approaches to identify latent and/or active TB in different populations. The Mantoux test is a widely used test for latent TB. It involves injecting a substance called PPD tuberculin into the skin and those that are sensitive to PPD tuberculin will develop a hard red bump at the site of the injection, usually within 48 to 72 hours of having the test. This is indicative of a latent TB. A very strong skin reaction may require a chest X-ray to confirm if this is an active TB infection(NHS Choices, 2013). The interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is a newer type of blood test for TB that is becoming more widely available and can also help diagnosis latent TB. It can be used after a positive Mantoux test or as part of a screening or health check process. An active TB infection is usually diagnosed from a chest X-ray and samples of mucus and phlegm which are checked under a microscope for the presence of TB bacteria. A CT scan, MRI and/or biopsy will also be taken if an extra-pulmonary TB is suspected. A lack of information and awareness about TB services has been highlighted as a barrier to successful identification of TB (Brent Refugee Forum, 2007). Studies have highlighted that members of hard-to-reach groups frequently report incomplete or inaccurate information about the cause and transmission of TB with misconceptions included dirty or wet environment, sharing of domestic objects, and punishment from God (Brent Refugee Forum, 2007). Smoking(Brent Refugee Forum, 2007; Brewin, Jones, Kelly, et al., 2006; Gerrish, Ismail Naisby, 2010), poor diet and malnutrition(Brewin, Jones, Kelly, et al., 2006; Gerrish, Ismail Naisby, 2010), poverty (Brewin, Jones, Kelly, et al., 2006) however, were correctly perceived to affect susceptibility to TB. The fear of medical services as well as anxiety around the associations of TB with death have also been highlighted as barriers to diagnosing TB in high risk groups (Gerrish, Ismail Naisby, 2010; Marais, 2007; Brent Refugee Forum, 2007). Stigma is also highlighted as a major issue when diagnosing and screening for TB. Most studies with hard to reach groups describe a sense of shame and forced or voluntary isolation resulting from a TB diagnosis, although stigma was expressed differently in different groups. Homeless participants in London reported that being diagnosed with TB was embarrassing and rarely discussed among the homeless community because of the stigma attached to TB in this population(Whoolery, 2008). TB patients often face dual stigma—from their own communities and their wider communities. Most studies looking at the barriers to identifying TB have been conducted in immigrant groups in community settings and there is a lack of research into the barriers to identifying TB in prison or IRC populations. In addition, there are limited studies that focus on how to improve these passive case detection approaches or contact tracing approaches. With the difficulties in identifying TB in these hard to reach groups, researchers have sought to evaluate the effectiveness of active screening for TB rather than a passive approach where it is up to the individual to make contact with health services. Active screening has been found to be an effective and cost-effective strategy in immigrants and new entrants (Laifer, Widmer, Simcock, et al., 2007; Monney Zellweger, 2005; Verver, Bwire Borgdorff, 2001), homeless and intravenous drug users(Watson, Abubaker, Story, et al., 2007) in identifying active TB cases are an early stage. In particular, the â€Å"FindTreat† service, which is a Department of Health-funded initiative, aims to strengthen tuberculosis (TB) control among hard-to-reach populations through active case finding using a mobile X-ray unit (MXU)(Jit, Stagg, Aldridge, et al., 2011). In addition, the FindTreat service follows up closely those on treatment and provides support in completing treatment. Although the s ervice used to screen a large number of prisoners, it had mostly stopped since the introduction of DXR machines in prisons for active case finding in new inmates. On average, each year the find and treat service identified 16 people with TB in the hard-to-reach population, who may not have been identified and treated and also managed and supports the treatment for a further 100 or more cases. Despite these studies, there is limited direct evidence for the best methods for screening for TB in prisons(NICE, 2012b). Puisis et al conducted an innovative program of high speed radiographic screening for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) at a large American correctional facility. The case finding rate for active disease with radiographic screening was approximately double the rate previously achieved with Mantoux skin testing. (Puisis, Feinglass, Lidow, et al., 1996). However, the findings are unclear how much of the difference in prevalence is caused by the different screening strategies and how much reflects different baseline disease prevalence. Another retrospective cohort study, compared the potential impact of limiting screening with mobile X-ray units to prisoners in the UK with symptoms of TB, compared with universal screening regardless of symptoms. Restricting screening just to prisoners with any of the five symptoms would have missed 36.7% of TB cases and more cases of TB would have been missed if screening was limited to a smaller range of symptoms. (S Yates; A Story; AC Hayward, 2009). The st udy is limited because although these symptoms may have been present at the time of screening, it is not known if professionals would have screened for TB based on these symptoms in real practice. Mobile X-ray unit (MXU) screening in those that are homeless, drug users or in prison have also been found to reduce diagnostic delay compared with passive case-detection and cases were less likely to be contagious on diagnosis compared with passive case-detection (Watson, Abubaker, Story, et al., 2007). However, the main limitation of this study is that results for different sub-populations were not reported separately, so it remains unclear whether any one hard-to-reach group benefited significantly from mobile x-ray screening. Chest X-ray screening has also been shown to be more cost-effective than the Mantoux test in immigrants and in prisoners(Jones Schaffner, 2001). However, the start-up costs of implementing the miniature chest radiograph screening were not taken into account. Cons idering the technology and training necessary to implement such a tool in a prison setting, this information could have had an effect on the costs. Active screening seems to increase identification of latent and active TB infection across hard-to-reach groups who are at high risk of infection, compared with passive case-detection, and leads to earlier diagnosis and reduced infective periods in those with active TB. Although the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of mobile X-ray screening is limited in prisons settings, NICE recommend that in prisons housing populations from high incidence areas and where the start-up costs had been largely funded by the DH, it was judged that X-ray screening would be cost effective. For other prisons, initial, symptom-based screening was adequate(NICE public health guidance, 2012). Managing and treating active TB Although TBcan be a very serious disease, it is possible to make a full recovery from most forms of TB with treatment. TB can usually be cured by taking several powerful antibiotics daily for several months. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and the poor adherence to treatment has kept TB high up on the international health agenda with WHO declaring a crisis of multidrug resistant TB (World Health Organisation, 2013). The Health Protection Agency has found that only 79% of people with TB in the UK completed treatment which is below the World Health Organisation target of 85% (Health Protection Agency, 2013c). The mix of drug regimes, treatment isolation and length of time of treatment presents a number of challenges to ensure patients adhere to treatment regimes. Adherence can be particularly difficult in those with multiple needs, e.g. homeless and seeking substance abuse treatment (Whoolery, 2008). Directly Observed Therapy Short course (DOTS) is one method used to increase adherence to TB treatment. DOT is not just the direct supervision of therapy but also considers distinct elements of political commitment; microscopy services; drug supplies; surveillance and monitoring systems and use of highly efficacious regimens (World Health Organisation, Europe, 2013b). It can be difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of DOTS as a complete strategy to increase adherence and the focus of studies have evaluated the direct supervision of therapy. For example, significantly more people adhered to more than six months of treatment when they received DOT in substance misuse(Alwood, Keruly, Moore-Rice, et al., 1994) and in foreign born individuals (MacIntyre, Goebel, Brown, et al., 2003). However, there have been limited studies into prison populations with some suggestions of improved adherence with DOT(Rodrigo, Caylà  , Garcà ­a de Olalla, et al., 2002) and other findings showing no sign ificant differences (Dà ¨ruaz Zellweger, 2004). The effectiveness of DOT across prison and IRC populations still remains unclear. The views of treatment and management of TB can be particularly important when considering adherence. For example, the views on traditional and modern medicine can also vary between different groups which can impact the management of TB. The Brent Refugees Forum reported that Somalis in the UK reported a preference to try traditional medicine as a first choice (Brent Refugee Forum, 2007) whereas Somalis in New Zealand would prefer modern medicine first in response to their experiences of TB related deaths in their home country(van der Oest, Chenhall, Hood, et al., 2005). Some groups preferred approaches to treatment that included both traditional and modern medicines(NICE, 2012a). Talking to the patient to find out their preferences can help patients to make decisions about their treatment based on an understanding of the likely benefits and risks rather than on misconceptions (Nunes V, Neilson J, O’Flynn N, Calvert, N, Kuntze S, Smit, hson H, Benson J,, et al., 2009). Very li ttle is known of the impact of TB treatment on jobs, family and children (NICE, 2012a) and in particular, the psychological impact of isolation. TB treatment should be provided on a voluntary basis and the WHO highlight the importance of â€Å"engaging with patients as partners in the treatment process and respecting their autonomy and privacy† (World Health Organisation, 2013). This can be a particularly important issue when concerned with isolating an individual with a suspected or confirmed case of TB, which should be undertaken on a voluntary basis and involuntary isolation should only be used as a last resort. Few studies have explored the potential benefits that patients may experience when seeking TB treatment. A small number of homeless participants reported that TB treatment helped make further lifestyle changes that improved their health in general. For example, improved living conditions and regaining relationships with family (Whoolery, 2008). Another study reported that immigrants reported a ‘social responsibility’ to seek TB treatment although this was anxiety provoking (Brewin, Jones, Kelly, et al., 2006). Evidence suggests that discussing with the patient why they might benefit from the treatment can improve patient engagement and adherence(Nunes V, Neilson J, O’Flynn N, Calvert, N, Kuntze S, Smit, hson H, Benson J,, et al., 2009). Organisational factors Delays in identifying and successfully managing TB can be the result of individual and service provider factors. The provisions used to deliver care and support can determine how services should be structured to manage people with TB in hard-to-reach groups. These organisational factors can include the settings used to identify and manage TB as well as the type and needs of the healthcare worker. A lack of specialist services and coordination of care can be a major difficulty in TB service provision, since most GPs see few cases of TB a year (Belling, McLaren, Boudioni, et al., 2012; Gerrish, Ismail Naisby, 2010). The complex social and clinical interactions surrounding a patient with TB can be a challenge to participation and adherence and there is a need for TB link workers to facilitate coordination of services (Brent Refugee Forum, 2007; Belling, McLaren, Boudioni, et al., 2012). Healthcare workers may find it challenging to meet the complex care needs of hard-to-reach groups with TB, especially where there are cultural and language barriers that make it difficult to interpret symptoms and explain about the disease and its treatment (Moro, Resi, Lelli, et al., 2005). In addition, service providers can also be afraid of the consequences of contracting TB, including becoming stigmatised. Non clinical healthcare workers may also have limited knowledge about TB, the need for screening and the implications of a positive test result (Joseph, Shrestha-Kuwahara, Lowry, et al., 2004). There is considerable variation in the delivery of some aspects of TB services and more research is needed in the UK on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different service structures to manage TB(NICE, 2012d). In addition to the NICE national guidance, Public Health England have produced London specific guidelines on the management of TB in prisons (Health Protection Agency, 2013a) based on pilot work across a number of London prisons. This guidance aims to minimise the risk of transmission of TB within the prison environment through efficient systems to detect ca

slavery and the plantation Essays -- Slavery Essays

slavery and the plantation During the era of slavery in the United States, not all blacks were slaves. There were a many number of free blacks, consisting of those had been freed or those in fact that were never slave. Nor did all slave work on plantations. There were nearly five hundred thousand that worked in the cities as domestic, skilled artisans and factory hands (Green, 13). But they were exceptions to the general rule. Most blacks in America were slaves on plantation-sized units in the seven states of the South. And with the invent of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney, more slaves were needed to work the ever-growing cotton game (Frazier, 14). The size of the plantations varied with the wealth of the planters. There were small farmers with two or three slaves, planters with ten to thirty slaves and big planters who owned a thousand or more slaves. Scholars generally agree that slaves received better treatment on the small farms and plantation that did not employ overseers or general managers. Almost half of the slaves, however, live, worked and died on plantations where the owners assigned much of their authority to overseers. The plantation was a combination factory, village and police precinct. The most obvious characteristic was the totalitarian regime placed on the slave. One example of this was a communal nursery, which prepared slave children for slavery and made it possible for their mothers to work in the fields. The woman who cared for black children was commonly designated "aunty" to distinguish her from the "mammy", the nurse of white children. Sometimes one women cared for both white and black children. Boys and girls wandered in around in a state of near-nudity until they reached the age of work. On some plantations they were issued tow-linen shirts, on others they wore guano bags with holes punched in them for the head and arms. Children were never issued shoes until they were sent to the fields, usually at the age of six or seven. Young workers were broken in as water boys or in the the "trash gang." At the age of ten or twelve, children were given a regular field routine. A former slave recalls, "Children had to go to the fiel' at six on out place. Maybe they don't do nothin' but pick up stones or tote water, but thy got to get used to bein' there." (Johnson, 40-45) Cooking on the plantation was a collect... ... with children would be less likely to attempt escape. The marriage ceremony was instructed by the wisest and most respected slave on the plantation, and included the ritual of jumping the broomstick. Males and females were expected to remain faithful after the marriage. The marriages lasted a long time, some thirty years or more. The life on the plantation was the only life known to a slave. Few slaves ever had the opportunity to leave the plantation so it was the only world they knew. One can think of a plantation as an isolated island, with occasional contact from the outside world. It was only through making contact with the outside world that slaves became aware that they too deserved freedom and gained the knowledge to obtain it. BIBLIOGRAPHY E.Franklin Frazier. Black Bourgeoisie. New York 1957 Berkin, Miller, Cherny, and Gormly. Making America: A History of the United States. Boston 1995. Douglass, Frederick. The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. Hartford 1881. Johnson, Charles S. Shadow of the Plantation. Chicago 1941. Olmsted, Frederick Law. The Cotton Kingdom. New York 1948. Green, Bernard V. Bondage of a People. Miami 1991.

Biography of Andrew Warhol Essay -- Papers

Biography of Andrew Warhol Born Andrew Warhol on August 6, 1928 (some sources say 1927), in Forest City, Pennsylvania, the son of a construction worker and miner from Czechoslovakia. He attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh from 1945-1949, receiving a bachelor of fine arts degree in pictorial design. Warhol liked to shroud himself in mystery. "I never give my background, and anyway, I make it all up differently every time I'm asked," he said. His exact birth date and place only add to this mystery. Warhol provided no information on the matter, so any definitive statement is subject to question. In 1949 Warhol arrived in New York City, where he made a meager living in advertising display work. He took some of his drawings to Glamour magazine and received a commission to make drawings of shoes. These were published and admired; he then worked for a shoe chain. In 1957 a shoe advertisement brought him the Art Directors' Club Medal. His work appeared in Vogue and Harper's Bazaar magazines, and in 1959 he exhibited his gold shoe drawings in a New York City gallery. In 1960 Warhol began painting pictures with no commercial market in mind. He did a series on comic strips such as Dick Tracy, Popeye, Superman and the Little King. His paintings of Coca Cola bottles and Campbell soup cans, arranged in seemingly endless rows, were ridiculed when they were first shown. He created paintings of money and ... ...ed subjects with great popular imagery and treated the symbol and image as much as he does the real object itself. As a social commentator (a role he denied), Warhol had the uncanny ability to mirror the trends and fads of his time. Recognizing the elements of an urban mass society heavily influenced by symbols, images, and the mass media, he made those symbols and images the subjects of his art. For Warhol and other Pop artists, these images have taken on a reality of their own. They were not only shaped by but also reshaped popular culture. Warhol left social and cultural historians visual documents of the significant elements from America's consumerist society of the postwar era--an important legacy. Warhol died of heart failure hours after under going gall bladder surgery on February 22, 1987, in New York City.

What factors contributed to the expansion of the Barnwell area from a small village in 1801 to a busy suburb of Cambridge by 1901?

* At the end of the eighteenth century Cambridge was suffering a significative diminuish of the population. We can notice this by looking at the statistics provided. Meanwhile in 1674 the population exceeded 9000, by 1728 Cambridge's population was under 8000. There were many reasons that could explain this sudden fall in population. One of them was the problem of overcrowding, and the repercussions that overcrowding causes. Possible consequences of this factor could have been: poor hygenical conditions ( lack of clean water for everyone, or excessive amounts of sewage which were hard to get rid of), lack of employment places for everyone, and also very high prices on the property market. This latter problem is strictly related with the expansion issue in Cambridge, which we will explore further on. Another factor which contributed to the fall in population towards the beginning of 1700, was the attraction that cities in the north exercised: this was the period of time in which the Industrial Revolution was fluorishing. In cities such as Manchester or Leeds ( typical northern cities), there was great possibility for employment, in the newly born industries. We will now analyze in more detail the expansion issue in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge was expanding at a very fast rate, but the space available for settlement was running short. The need for expansion claimed by the University, restricted the residential areas to delimiting and unpleasent territories. Cambridge was surrounded by land liable to flood, which was the main factor that stopped the centre of town and the residential areas from expanding. Cambridge was also surrounded by open fields, which seemed to be the only possible area in which the town could expand. These open fields, and areas surrounding the town, were mainly owned by the rich. This left the poor with the worst areas, both for settlement and agricolture. This unfair situation was overcome with the aid of the Enclosure acts, which were put in practice in 1802.. This movement entitled every land owner to a fair amount of land. For this goal to be made possible, the available land had to be divided into small strips which could be equally shared between everyone. By 1811 with the Enclosure award, the land surrounding Cambridge had finally been completely redistributed. Now that everyone had the same amount of land, the profit coming from the land would have been fairly regular, and there wouldn't be so much (disnivel) between the rich owners and the poor owners. The arrival of the Enclosure award had in a way slowed down the the fast rate at which the population was diminuishing. * The city of Cambridge had been various Ecclesiastical Parishes spread around throughout the town. Generally each area had its own Parish. During the century going from 1801 to 1901 we notice a fast rise in the population of certain Parishes, and especially the Parish of St. Andrew The Less, which was allocated in the Barnwell area (1 mile away from the city centre). The Enclosure Award in 1811, generally incremented the population of every Parish. The population gradually grew in certain Parishes, and although St. Andrew The Less had always seemed to grow at a faster rate than everother Parish, it wasn't only until 1845 and the following years that its population enourmously grew to reach a final peak of 27860 people. This population rise of this can be noticed when analysing the graph I developed. In other. We don't notice straight away in 1845 the rise in population because it takes time for settlement but in 20 years time from the statistics it is clear that rise in population is reaching its maximum peak. 1845 was the year in which the Railway was built in Cambridge, and this was a very important factor which contributed to the rise in population of this Parish. This is because the Railway was constructed in the Barnwell area. We will analyze further the reasons of such importance of the Railway, including an explanation of the ubication of this new medium of transport. For now we will only mention the where the people that populated the Parish came from. They were mainly traders, that had previously been using as a medium of trade the river and moved to the Barnwell area to make use of this new revolutionary transport which could have benefitted their business, and students and labourers from other towns that decided to move to Cambridge. The railway was faster and therefore a better value for money. As we notice from our statistics and our graph, St. Andrew The Less wasn't the only Parish in which we encountered a rise in population. Other Parishes that were situated near the river side, encountered a substantial rise in population. Not as dramatic as the one in the Parish of St. Andrew The Less, but significantly larger than the ones in Parishes ubicated in other parts of the town. An example could be the Parish of St. Andrew The Great. This Parish, as we can see from fig. ( map of Cambridge during the middle ages), is situated next to the River Cam, close to the place where once the fortress of Castle Hill was built. The reason there was a rise in population in the Parishes next to the riverside, is because some people were conservative regarding their means of transport. Many people still retained the river the best mean of transport for trading their goods. Although travelling through the river was slow, now that most of the population had moved next to the Railway, it would have been much faster to travel. Also with the diminuishing of people making use of the River Cam for their trading business, the taxes on transport through the River had fallen. Generally, using th river as a mean of transport now, had two advantages: travelling became much faster, and also cheaper. This can be seen from fig. 4 ( The River Cam toll receipts). We notice that gradually, from 1845 the tolls fell to eventually reach the value of 367 i per annum. Having said this, the Railway still remained the most popular mean of transport.

International dairy queens decision Essay

International dairy queen is a successful company that owns licenses and services to dairy queen restaurants, orange Julius stores and karmelkom shoppes. Currently, international dairy queen operates over 6000 chains globally and the number is yet to increase as international dairy queen seeks to venture more into the Middle East market. Environments International Dairy Queen Stores’ decision to open a subsidiary in Bahrain presents challenges and opportunities to the company. Before developing any strategy plans International Dairy Queen should perform a SLEPT analysis which is a critical look into social, legal, economic, political and technological influences. This is because it will not operate in a vacuum and these environments indirectly affect business activities. In addition these business environments are constantly in a changing state and companies need to be aware of these changes. This enables the company to stay ahead of these changes and act in a proactive way rather than reacting hurriedly to adapt to the changes. In the Middle East, Bahrain particularly stands out as the ideal location because it has numerous opportunities. Bahrain is a vibrant country with a multicultural population owing to the numerous tourists that visit. Many people refer to it as the ‘Middle East lite’ due to its substantial resource endowment, vibrant market economy and state of the art infrastructure, stable political system and high investment rating. International dairy queen would do well having business in Bahrain. The population is large and diverse plus the hot climate and tourist attractions attract restaurants business. The description above of Bahrain demonstrates that, indeed there are untapped opportunities for international dairy queen. The general pointers to a mature economy that include a ready market for goods and services, a friendly legal environment as well as a stable political system are evident in the case of Bahrain. There is need though to avoid over glorifying the country by giving a brief of some of the potential challenges that international dairy queen will have to contend with if entry into Bahrain market will prove to be a success. The political system comprises of all processes, structures and activities that prevail in a country. On the other hand, the legal system comprises of the laws and regulations enforced in a country. (Lucas, 2000) In international business, there are global legal issues that prevail beyond country’s boundaries such as intellectual property, product safety and liability and anti-corruption regulations. The political/ legal framework in Bahrain lays out the regulations and laws governing trade. Particularly, there are rules governing registration of companies import tariffs, ownership, trade registrations, customs payment and so on. International Dairy Queen Stores will have to comply with these laws and regulations if it is to trade in Bahrain. In addition, there are laws that stipulate environment regulations. This regulation prohibits creation of pollution, or any culture that contravenes moral standards. International Dairy Queen is a well established company whose activities are eco friendly. Laws regarding registration of foreign companies are stiff but not impossible. The government permits wholly owned foreign companies. However, restrictions on the importing products from parent company are imposed. Laws regarding employment stipulate the number of employees who must be sponsored from the local community. Licensing is easy as the government stretches good will to foreign investors. International Dairy Queen has to critically look into these laws and rules and their impact to its operation before proceeding any further. Lastly, health and safety laws are enforced to protect the customers from substandard goods that may cause harm to consumers. International dairy queen should pay attention to the rules that directly affect its operations. Social factors and cultural factors are equally important. These factors encompass the tastes, preferences, lifestyles, fashion, demographic factors and patterns of behavior. (Lucas, 2000) it is important to note that the tastes and preferences of people are very dynamic. The attitudes of people also change. The vast population largely comprises of young and aged fun loving people. The numbers of foreigners, who visit the country, make the setting ideal for International Dairy Queens products. Citizens of Bahrain love the good things in life. They have an expensive taste and International Dairy Queen Stores’ products match this standard. The current trend towards eating healthy diets and sugar free products may have an impact on international dairy queen. Cases of obesity in children and the negative effects of high sugar consumption raise concern among consumers. This will mean that international dairy queen invests in promoting it desserts and probably develop tasty and high quality sugar free desserts to cater for the sensitive consumers. Although the change in customers’ tastes and preferences differ across different age groups, International Dairy Queen Range of products caters for all. When evaluating the economic factors in the external environment, the key areas that one needs to look at is the interest rates, wage rates, general level of prices i.e. inflation rate and the customer’s purchasing power. (Lucas, 2000). The economy of any country tends to fluctuate from time to time. This characterized by periods of booms and repressions. The direct impact of these changes is price increase. Currently Bahrain’s economic condition is stable. Interest rates are low and demand high. People disposable income are high and they are willing to spend more on luxuries as dining out and International Dairy Queen comes in. by locating its stores at strategic locations where impulse buying is constant for 8instance the shopping malls, beaches and gas stations. International Dairy Queen can take advantage of this situation to expand in the Middle East in this case Bahrain. Technological factors are vital and need to be considered. This is because technology gives organizations a competitive advantage and facilitates globalization. Whenever one assesses the technological factors of any place the following questions come to mind. Does the technology enable production of high quality goods and at a cheaper cost? Does the technology offer innovative products that allow better ways of operating? Most importantly, does the technology provide better or new ways of communicating with customers? These questions play a guiding role in deciding what technology to utilize in order to gain a competitive edge. Technology in Bahrain can be described simply as state of the Art. Their transportation and communication system is highly advanced and the people are highly skilled. Given that international dairy queen is a dedicated company to quality it has to ensure that the franchisee are highly educated and its employees do not compromise on quality service delivery. Hence the highly skilled population in Bahrain should come in handy when a franchise opens. International Dairy Queen being a company involved in mass production is particularly keen on acquiring fast and efficient technologies. Total quality management is also of great importance to International Dairy Queen Inc. This is because its dairy products are very sensitive to quality. International Dairy Queen Inc is dedicated to satisfying customers’ expectations and the technological advances in Bahrain facilitate this. Bahrain has all the facilities the company needs thus setting a part Bahrain as the country of choice in the Middle East. The advanced communication system in Bahrain will facilitate easy communication with customer if international dairy queen decides to use customer relationship management to market its products. Markets The characteristics of the market place are vital in international dairy queen’s decision on pricing. There are various types of markets and they include commodity markets, controlled and uncontrolled markets, vertical high and vertical low markets. In the case of international dairy queen, it operates in a commodity market. This is because it has many buyers and competitors and at the same time non unique products. Thus, they enjoy minimal price flexibility. (Sunjen, 2000) The pricing of International Dairy Queens products will greatly depend on the presence of competition, economic conditions, cost of production and laws regulating prices in the new market (Bahrain). In addition, factors such as product awareness, prospects perceptions, ability to pay, products life cycle, elasticity and cost of channels of distribution will similarly affect pricing of international dairy queen products. (Sunjen, 2000) Most countries impose laws which regulate prices of goods such that prices don’t fall below a predetermined level. This is meant to prevent dumping. In this case International Dairy Queen is not affected; however, the economic conditions will influence pricing of International Dairy Queen Products. How so? Inflation causes increase in prices of virtually everything; raw materials, wages, interest rates hike. The cost of production reflects on final cost of a product. If the technology used to produce a product is costly then final cost of a product is also high. International Dairy Queen has invested greatly in modern facilities and state of the art technology. Most of the processes are automated. This will play a significant role in minimizing cost of production. In addition, costs of acquiring raw materials increases during inflation which eventually translates to high price of goods. Pricing of a product is influenced by the force of demand and supply. This is because if demand for a product increases prices of the product will also increase. This is the theory. However, this is not always the case. In the presence of competitors firms react by reducing their prices so as to retain customers to competitors. International Dairy Queen being a new company in Bahrain should consider to competitors and its comparative advantage. International dairy queen is a new company in Bahrain. This being the case its existence is unknown to people in Bahrain. The goal of International Dairy Queen should therefore be creating awareness and penetrating the market in Bahrain. This in itself will influence pricing. for example, using a promotional strategy. This is whereby it lowers prices of its products as a way of promotion. The effect is that customers get attracted to sample the range of products and make repeat purchases. A customer’s perceptions about a company’s product greatly influence pricing. How so? Positive perceptions regarding quality and superiority enable a company to price its products highly. Alternatively, the intention or desire to appeal and identify its product with the high class group should influence pricing. This is called premium pricing and a company using this strategy will price its products expensively as an indicator of quality. The availability, quality and cost of distributive channels influence pricing in that the eventual cost is transferred to the consumer. International dairy queen uses franchises to market its products thus eliminating the risk of long distribution channel and ensuring quality service to its customers. (Idq website) products usually undergo life cycles and each stage in a products life cycle dictates its price differently. Products in n early life cycle attract higher prices. International dairy queen being new to Bahrain enjoys this advantage as its products are still new to the market. D1 D2 This graph shows the effects of S changes in production (supply) and P1 purchasing power (demand) and P2 how these changes offset the equilibrium. Q1 Q2 Source: Self Organization Organizational structures vary across organizations depending on the objectives of a firm and its culture. This structure is important because it gives a frame work of allocating functions and processes to different departments in the organization. In order for a company to be successful in its operations it needs a good structure. A good structure is one that is efficient and flexible yet facilitates smooth communication and relationship among different sections in the organization (salaman, 2001) there are different types of organizational structures. They include; centralized and decentralized structure, hierarchical structure, tall structure, matrix structure and flat structure. It seems to me that international dairy queen uses the hierarchical structure. This is because each level is one above the other and each manager has a given number of staff directly under his span of control. The organizational structure International Dairy Queen Inc has both formal and informal structure. The formal structure shows the flow of hierarchy from the top level management to the lowest level. An organizational chart has been used to show the level of hierarchy in International Dairy Queen. International Dairy Queen has a centralized system and all the subsidiaries follow the same centralized system. That is all the department report to the director and all the employees report to their respective managers in the various departments. The informal structures within the company although not written on paper has strong presence within this company. Staff groupings are productive because they improve level of motivation and sharing of information. The company encourages productive groupings. The concept behind International Dairy Queen having this organization structure is to clearly show the relationship among the people in the organization. It also gives little of different position. The departments also have their own department organization structures. The purpose behind having this organizational structure is that flow of information is enhanced. This is especially so true for a big company such as International Dairy Queen. Absence of such a structure would cause distortion of information, and inefficiency. The structure shows a diagrammatic illustration of how departments should relate and the hierarchy of authority. The organizational structure allows free flow of information which enables the company to coordinate its various activities. This in turn increases the efficiency of services. Corporate Chart Source: Self Process Understanding the business process assists in gauging the success of a company in terms of higher profit gains, physical expansion, better quality products, increased market share and accumulation of assets. According to Davenport (1993) he defines a (business) process as â€Å"a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus’s emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer’s point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers. † The business process allows an organization to measure how well the business is doing and measure whether the products and services meet customers’ needs and requirements. (Barnes, 2001). The success of International Dairy Queen Store’s investment depends a lot on how much its consumers get value for their money. Consumers of the company’s dairy products should perceive that they get the best their money can buy. Therefore, value adding should start right from the suppliers, production and packaging to distribution and selling process. At each stage, the product should be improved without adversely hiking price of the final product. Consumers should get best quality at minimal cost. Customer process analysis focuses mainly on acquiring and retaining customers as well as satisfying their needs. Adding value to customers requires in depth study into impacts of pricing, timely distribution, variety and so on. Time and cost is essential and should be analyzed so that it is cost effective. In the case of International dairy Queen Stores, its success in Bahrain depends greatly on the strategy the company will employ in attaining its goals. The marketing program should anticipate customers’ needs and cater to them. A modernized system of informing customers and getting feedback is essential. Relationship marketing, where customers’ queries and suggestions are personally addressed needs to be analyzed. Furthermore, the efficiency of implementing market programs and the dedication of employees to quality service delivery needs to be analyzed. The production process can be enhanced through the use of modern technology so that the time needed to produce a product is reduced. Conclusion In summary the decision to venture in the Middle East is timely. As seen the business environment tremendously affects the business. They can either affect your business negatively or positively. Therefore, it is advice able for international dairy queen to manipulate their effects to work out for its benefit. Markets are dynamic and there influences on pricing of products are significant. International dairy queen has a variety of options in determining its prices depending on its goals. A clear understanding, consideration and implementation of the issues discussed plus international dairy queen’s vast experience trading in foreign countries will come in handy in building a successful subsidiary in Bahrain. Bibliography Barnes, W. ed. (2001) Understanding Business: Process. London: Routledge. Davenport, T (1993) Process innovation: Reengineering work through information Technology. Boston. Harvard business school press. Lucas, M. ed. (2000) Understanding Business: Environments. London: Routledge. International dairy queen: The Middle East. Retrieved from http://www. dairyqueen. com/en-Intl/DQ+Around+the+World/Middle+East/default. htm accessed on August, 29, 2007 Salaman, G. ed. (2001) Understanding Business: Organizations. London: Routledge. Suneja, V. ed. (2000) Understanding Business: A Multidimensional Approach to the Market Economy. London: Routledge.

“Reading Blind” by Margaret Atwood Essay

1. In her commentary â€Å"Reading Blind,† Margaret Atwood gives her opinions on factors that make a short story good. She writes that a good story has to have a voice that moves not only across pages but also through time. Most people are first introduced to stories at a young age by the â€Å"scandalous gossips† and â€Å"family secrets† that children overhear their mothers discussing in the kitchen, or the oral tales with â€Å"talking donkeys† and â€Å"definite endings† that their grandmother recites to them. All these stories come by voice; and they influence the way each and every person expects from or brings to stories. According to Atwood, a good story has, in many ways, qualities that are similar to those that children want in the tales they are told or overhear. For a story to be successful, it needs to have elements of mystery, proper buildup, unexpected twists, and an â€Å"impeccable sense of timing.† It also has to effectively hold the attention of the readers, and gives them a sense of urgency and excitement in the narration. Toni Cade Bambara’s short story â€Å"The Lesson† is one that effectively embodies the voice that Margaret Atwood mentions in her essay. This short story is told through the voice of the main character—a girl from the ghetto named Sylvia. Sylvia’s narration of the events in this story is as raw and as true to life as any fiction can be. In â€Å"Reading Blind,† Atwood quotes from Raymond Chandler: â€Å"All language begins with speech, and the speech of common men at that.† The voice in â€Å"The Lesson† precisely portraits the speech of a black girl living in the poor urban area with sentences that lack auxiliary or conjugations, and by doing so, reveals the reality like it truly is. In order to closely picture the setting in her story, Bambara has sacrificed the proper and boring ways of the English language and stay faithful to the speech and voices of the people whose stories she depicts. Only with this unmasked honesty can Bambara create a short story that is so appealing and speaks powerfully to the readers. Intentionally or not, Bambara’s story â€Å"The Lesson† closely observes Margaret Atwood’s qualities of a good story; and therefore, it is one that captures the attention of the readers and maintains their interest until the end. 2. In her essay â€Å"Writing Short Stories,† Flannery O’Connor stresses the importance of meaning in a short story. It is, she writes, what â€Å"keeps a short story from being short.† She goes on further to explain that the meaning drawn from a story are from experiences, and by making statements about the meaning, a person can experience it even more deeply. She uses her own â€Å"Good Country People† to demonstrate this point. The plot of this story, a bible salesman stealing the wooden leg of a faithless lady who tries to seduce him, can simply be nothing more than a â€Å"low joke. † However, as the meaning of the wooden leg is explored, and the act of stealing the leg is looked into further, it is revealed that this story deals with much deeper issues. In O’Connor’s opinion, no formula, technique, or theory can really provide guidance for a story. In order to learn to write a story, a person must first write one, then â€Å"try to discover what [he has] done.† She also discusses the two qualities of fiction: the sense of mystery and the sense of manners. She stresses that manners collected from the surrounding environments can provide insights into a work of fiction, and also the importance in the depth of personality in the characters. In Eudora Welty’s short story â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.,† the author explores the problems buried deep beneath the surface sibling rivalry of a Southern family. Both Sister—the overlooked older daughter—and Stella-Rondo—the beloved younger one—has troubled stories that prevent them from committing themselves to a â€Å"peaceful† family life. A shallow reader might summarize the plot of the story in one sentence: â€Å"A woman is angry at the return of her sister—Stella—when her family turns from her to embrace Stella and her child—Shirley T.; and after a while she leaves home and leaves at the Post Office,† making it an unsophisticated and even somewhat comical drama. However, as the readers ponders more about the meanings lying deep under each character’s actions: their argument about the nature of Shirley T.’s adoption, the competition for attention of the elderly in the family, and most important of all, the act of breaking away of Sister. When the readers have got past that initial stage of merely comprehending the story, they can start unraveling its hidden meaning and draw their own conclusion and make their own statements about these meanings. â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.† is also a story that draws plentifully from the Southern culture of Mississippi from which the author is from. Welty utilizes her knowledge of the people and environment around her to create characters that are realistic while at the same time mystifying, and thus achieves success in her craft. 3. In his essay â€Å"Looking for Raymond Carver,† A. O. Scott makes a statement saying that â€Å"More often than not, the big talkers in Carverâ€⠄¢s stories are in possession of a degree of class privilege†¦ People who carry on as if they know what they are talking about are regarded with suspicion. Carver’s greatest sympathy is reserved for those characters who struggle to use language to make sense of things, but who founder in the attempt.† By studying Carver’s two short stories â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love,† the readers will soon come to the conclusion that this statement is very true indeed. The very first line of â€Å"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love† reads: â€Å"My friend Mel McGinnis was talking. Mel McGinnis is a cardiologist, and sometimes that gives him the right.† It is made clear that Mel is one of the people of the first group, the ones who talk and flaunt their ability to talk in front of other people. Being a cardiologist might have given Mel a position superior to his friends’, but that fact still does not justify the fact that he talks on. His wife—Terri—does not seem as enthusiastic to discuss the matter of love as he did, however. In the w hole conversation, the only idea she is insistent about is the fact that Ed—her ex-lover—loves her. The dialogues in this story are dominated by Mel, who constantly denies this information. For Mel—a character that â€Å"carries on as if he knows what he is talking about,† Carver’s approach for him has not been generous. He describes them with a filter that exposes the flaws and imperfection in their personalities. Mel has a medical degree, and also a past in the seminary. He is certain that the extent of his knowledge gives him the authority to talk; and he utilizes that power with no reluctance. He has a set of ideology of what love should be, and expects that only things that closely follow his criteria can be called love. He deems the actions of Terri’s ex- husband as not only violent and threatening, which they are, but also not love, which they can be. His prejudice on life and love makes him appear less reliable to the readers than the other characters, and therefore, he is viewed with â€Å"suspicion.† The narrator in â€Å"Cathedral,â₠¬  on the other hand, falls into the second category of characters. Even from the beginning of the story, he has always had little to say. He struggles to make a connection in communication with the blind friend of his wife, but does so unsuccessfully and with a lot of troubles. The barrier between him and the blind man is formed not only by their inability to reach each other, but also because of the superior position he has put himself above his wife’s friend. Throughout the whole story, the readers witness his efforts to be relevant to the guest and his wife as well; but he fails to do so. His attempts to communicate with the other characters fall flat, because he is too caught up in his own world. He does not want a person from the outside to come in and interrupt the life he is living, much less a man who knows his wife all too well. He is reluctant and uncertain of this visit and the effects it will have on his life; and that is what causes him in the attempt to make sense of things. The empathy that Carver reserves for the narrator in â€Å"Cathedral† can be seen throughout the whole story. Even with his cynical but ignorant outlook in life, the narrator still possesses some qualities that are admirable to the readers. This character is a man who has the typical characteristics of an alpha-male. He is protective of his wife, and becomes jealous of another man who has gotten close to her. His inability to connect with Robert—the blind man—ultimately boils down to the competition for his wife’s compassion, and even though his thinking is flawed, his desire to keep his wife evokes empathy in the readers. Any person would have felt the same jealousy towards another one who can potentially take what are theirs, and the narrator’s failure to communicate with the friend of his wife, no matter how pathetic, is understood by a universal audience and Raymond Carver himself. The narrator in â€Å"Cathedral† and Mel in â€Å"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love† are two types of characters created by Raymond Carver. Mel is a man who can talk a lot about many things, particularly love; he comes across as a man who is judgmental and closed-minded. The other one, the narrator, while having his own struggles with jealousy and compassion, portraits a more universal and understandable kind of person, and therefore reserves more empathy from the readers and the author himself. By studying these two characters, it can be concluded that A. O. Scott’s observation that â€Å"the big talkers are in possession of a degree of class privilege†¦ People who carry on as if they know what they are talking about are regarded with suspicion. Carver’s greatest empathy is reserved for those characters who struggle to use language to make sense of things, but who founder in the attempt† is a true and accurate statement. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. â€Å"Reading Blind.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 1408-11. Bambara, Toni Cade. â€Å"The Lesson.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 71-6. Carver, Raymond. â€Å"Cathedral.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 168-78. Carver, Raymond. â€Å"What We Talk about When We Talk about Love.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 187-95. O’Connor, Flannery. â€Å"Writing Short Stories.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 1619-24. Scott, A. O. â€Å"Looking for Raymond Carver.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 1595-9. Welty, Eudora. â€Å"Why I Live at the P.O.† The Story and Its Writer. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. 1317-26.

Indian Republic Day Essay

In the life of every nation there are certain days which are considered as red-letter days. The Republic Day celebration held on 26th January every year in our country is one of those days. It is perhaps the most important day of our country. It marks the birth of our nation as a republic. Therefore this day is celebrated all over the country with great pomp and show. The origin of Republic day goes back to pre- independence days of 1929, when the Indian National Congress during its Lahore session under the President ship of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed a resolution declaring ‘Complete Independence’ as the goal of the nation and decided to celebrate 26th January every year as the Independence day throughout the length and breadth of the country. From then on till the dawn of independence on Aug. 1947, the nation celebrated 26th Jan. as Independence Day. Later, when India wanted a day to mark its official birth 26th January, the independence day of the pre-independence days was chosen. On this day, 26th Jan. 1950 Indian constitution came into force and India was proclaimed to be a sovereign, democratic and a republic’ Soldiers from different wings of the armed forces, units of paramilitary and police forces march to the tune of the military band. The President takes the salute. A colourful %-past by helicopters and aeroplanes makes the ceremony most spectacular. Folk dances by cultural troupes and various performances are put up by school children to keep the audience spellbound. The tableaux of states depicting the cultural wonders of the states follow the school children. The procession lasts for several hours and finally ends up at Red Fort. Hundreds of people from far off places come to watch the charming show of military might and national glory. It is a great day for all of us. It is a day of remembrance, thanksgiving, and rejoicing. It is also a day of national pledge when we decided to make our country, sovereign, democratic, and republic. A great deal more remains to be done, to achieve this pledge. It is up to you and me to redeem this pledge and make our nation truly democratic and republic.

The Significance of Cell phones to the Progressive Lifestyle of the Filipinos

The Significance of Cell phones to the Progressive Lifestyle of the Filipinos Free Online Research Papers CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study Cellular phones, a computer controlled communications system that connects the telephone system to a network of mobile radiotelephones, has been the latest trend of this country, mainly because of the features it has to offer: Multi-colored casings, Colored LCD’s, Polyphonic ringing tones, WAP, JAVA games, Infrared reception, WAV files, built in cameras, and of course, the ever popular text messaging feature. Text messaging is the technology wherein you can communicate with people through the use of mobile telephones with the short message service (SMS) feature, just by typing a message composed of 160 characters. It works with a prepaid or postpaid SIM card, current telecoms that supports this feature are the Globe telecoms, Smart telecoms and Sun Cellular network. Text messaging has been the people’s favorite source of communication for the past few years, until present. It is communication made easy for the people of today. Its purpose is to cut down on call costs, and it has been the permanent replacement for the â€Å"pager† or â€Å"beeper†, which, others consider as a thing of the past. Generations are defined by certain ideologies and certain lifestyles. It was the Flower Power for the 60s. It was the disco for the 70s. Madonna and Michael Jackson era for the 80s, and modern technology for the 90s till present. Technology has been around for quite sometime. The first cell phones were much bigger compared to that of today. However, it only picked up few years ago. Cellphones used to be just for calling people during emergencies, but now, it is very popular because of its text messaging feature. It was undoubtedly the reason why cellphone purchase skyrocketed in the first place. The main reason why text messaging is so excessive is simply because we all like to keep in touch with each other. We easily reach others just by texting. Because of this, the Philippines has been known as the text messaging capital of the world. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The following are given problems that the researchers wish to answer: Major problem: 1. What are the areas of the Filipino lifestyle that cell phones have greatly revolutionized? Minor problems: 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a cell phone? 2. How does the cell phone phenomenon affect the lifestyle of the Filipinos? 3. Why Filipinos are so much hooked into cell phones? 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1. To be able to know to what extent the cell phone technology has influenced the progressive lifestyle of the Filipinos. 2. To determine the advantages and disadvantages of the cell phone technology and recommend corrective measures in case of disadvantages. 1.4 Significance of Study 1. To know why text messaging became so popular in the Philippines 2. To know how it cellphones has affected our lifestyle, 3. To know the purpose of cell phones, regarding its significance, and the significance of being able to use the text messaging service. 4. To determine the advantage and disadvantages of having a cell phone. 1.4 Scope and Delimitation The research study is about the significance of cell phones to the progressive lifestyle of the Filipinos. The researchers are given four weeks to gather data, which is not enough to cover more broad findings which is why the researchers focused on the significance of cell phones itself. Moreover, the research has been limited inside the campus of San Beda College, due to the unavailability of materials and lack of sources to conduct further study. 1.5 Definition of Terms Cell phone – a wireless electronic gadget used for communicating Camera – a device for taking photographs Infrared – wireless reception that enables the cell phone to connect to the computer Impact – the power of an event Monophonic ringing tone – ringing tone that produces more than one tone Polyphonic ringing tone – ringing tone that produces more than one tone SIM card – a module that stores private messages, dates and personal numbers Text Messaging – messaging service CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature A cellphone, in society nowadays, can even be a status symbol of some sort. The smaller, slickier and more expensive the phone the more powerful your image becomes. Some would say that carrying one, or rather how you carry it, is also part of the japorms of todays urban fashion. Its like, if you had one, you are definitely IN more than out. It has made such an impact to the Filipinos that the Philippines has been addressed as the â€Å"text messaging capital of the world†. (Jimenez .6) Cellphones in this modern day era are vastly becoming an important part of our lifestyle. Nowadays, it has become more than just a tool for communication. It had definitely gone beyond its utilitarian use. Now theyre fashion accessories. An outfit is never complete without one. Men and women are more or less judged based on the technological devices that they have. Some say that its the way of the world, and in this modern age where everything is wired, people wouldnt be that surprised that cell phones have become so commonplace that its no longer a question of owning one or not, but rather on what you have and how you wear it as regards to your lifestyle. Cellphones have really taken off. It used to be something that you can use to call somebody or receive a call from somebody, now theyre called mobile offices by some, but in general, people refer to them as smart phones. What is a smart phone? By definition, A smart phone is a wireless phone with text and Internet capabilities. It can handle wireless phone calls, function as two-way radio, hold addresses and take voice mail and can also access information on the Internet and send and receive E-mail and fax transmissions. (Jimenez .6) Thus, Cellphones have become more than just a tool for calling somebody or receiving a call from somebody. Its features are a delight to every person, as it has numerous features such as a schedule organizer, internet browsing, wireless phone calls, radio, mp3s, cameras and much more. It has become a perfect fit to our lifestyle. With that, Filipinos are most likely pre-occupied on checking their cell phones from time to time. Filipinos consume much more time using their cell phones. A major usage of mobile phones involves sending and receiving text messages. In a way, this mode of communication has become a way of life in the Philippines. Here, everybody seems to text bankers, policemen, nurses, maids, Cabinet members, even the president. Almost every kind of person has engaged in the use of cellphones, or at least has an idea about cellphones. A device that was once peculiar has vastly become a dominant phenomenon in the country. Everywhere you look, people seem to be obliged to check on their cellphones from time to time to check wether or not they received a text message that has become a daily habit of every Filipinos. (Meinardus.7) In relation, texting is probably the main reason why Filipinos have indulged themselves in cell phones. Without this feature, people would not bother to own one. SMS, (short messaging service), popularly known as text messaging, has been transformed from a cheap and quick means of communication into a potent tool for organizing instant protests. (Serfino.16) Text messaging has indeed become a convenient and cheaper way of communication. Its design is to make things easy for the users, giving fast and accurate service, in which only through this service the users can avail. Text messaging is not only popular because of its affordability and efficiency; it has proved to be the easiest access for Overseas Filipino workers in communicating to their loved ones back home. (Servano .8) Aside from its local contributions to the society, text messaging also helps bring people closer to their loved ones abroad. Through the use of this feature, Overseas Filipino Workers can reach us in seconds, without too much hassle. Cell phones were designed to include the following features: Caller ID, voice mail, call forwarding, call waiting, teleconferencing, NDD/IDD, and yes, text messaging. It was undoubtedly the reason why cell phone purchases skyrocketed in the first place. (Cadiz.9) Come to think of it, one cannot blame those people who got hooked on this craze. For one, it is an efficient mode of communication. There are no hassles because you do not have to wait eternally for the other person to reply. The response is so quick and short. Also, it is so accessible. You can actually talk to anybody you wish anytime, anywhere. It has become one of the easiest and most fun way of keeping in touch with friends and family. Under the effects of cell phones to the Filipino lifestyle, In her article, Dahli Aspillera, states that â€Å"due to the intrusive and domineering nature of cell phone users who blithely force us to listen to private musings meant for the ears of someone we cannot even see, we find ourselves unwillingly preoccupied by the dopey details of some stranger’s dinner plans, business dealings or marital woes,† which means that with the continuous phoning, any respect for the privacy of others has melted away. People have become impolite. (Aspillera .5) According to an editorial in the New York Times by a writer named Sharon White which she read, she concluded the following: 1.) It is impolite to place cell phone calls at a distance of less than 10 feet. 2.) It is impolite to place or to receive a cell phone call in the presence of dining companies. 3.) At a theatrical event, it is definitely not okay for audience members to place or receive phone calls in or around any kind of theatrical venue. 4.) Inside a lavatory stall, the presence of unseen strangers, even those present only via cell phone, is not welcome among the pants. Less during the vulnerable Homo sapiens waste elimination process. Felix D. Ayugo, in his article â€Å"Cell phone antenna and human health† listed down clinical evidences of the hazards of cell phone to the health of the cell phone users as follows: 1.) Association of headaches to cell phone use 2.) Growing evidence that cellular telephone radiation could affect the brain. 3.) The elevated incidents of leukemia and brain tumor.(Ayugo .137) Thus, we should be equipped with the knowledge of these clinical evidences which cell phones are most likely able to cause because of its radiation. Lenie Lestuna, emphasizes in her article that using a mobile phone while driving or walking is inviting accidents of the worst kind. According to her, parents irked over the amount of time their teenage children spend on their cell phones sometimes missing out on homework or staying up all night to send text messages to friends, and even teachers are constantly bothered by students sending text messages to each other during class hours. (Lestuna .15) Ching M. Alano in her article â€Å"How safe are cellular phones† wrote about a recent study which shows that KF fields similar to those use din mobile telecommunications increases the incidences of cancer among genetically engineered mice, therefore it may prove to also have the same effect to humans. Also, mobile telephone according to her can cause interference in other certain med ical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and hearing aids. Therefore, individuals using such devices should contact their doctor to determine the susceptibility of their products to the said effects. Truly, the Filipino lifestyle revolves mainly around cellular phones these days. From the time one wakes up to the time one goes to sleep, only a cellular phone is needed to get through the day (Manila.2B). It is a reality that we cannot escape the fact that mobile phones have become a major part of our lives and that people cannot go to work or go out if people don’t bring along their mobile phones with them, on the other hand cellular phones became a great trend among Filipinos almost everyone in the country owns a mobile phone. No longer have the playthings of the rich or the tools of high-powered businessmen or women, cellular phones evolved to become an everyday accessory (Hiscock.2B). It is true that from the past few years’ cellular phones are just gadgets for the rich and tools for the corporate world, because nowadays a person can buy a mobile phone for a low price or by installment basis. Even an average person use this technology everyday, for their livelihoo d or small business, because they need to communicate with their dealers and clients furthermore cellular phone models has advance its options for the past years. Like the old models of mobile phones, its screen is only limited for the colors black and white but now we can use a multi-colored screen and some additional features like a built in camera and a mp3 player ect. Aside from that we can now access several new options from our mobile phones thanks for the advancement in technology. Also owning a cellular phone has also become â€Å"aspirational† among the regular workers, who feel elated by the idea that the models they use are also those owned by their superiors. Somehow, it gives workers the feeling of being equal to their bosses (Hiscock.2B). On the whole it can greatly increase moral among the regular workers. Because they can say for themselves that they can catch up for the position to that of their boss. According to the Canada-based institute of the future, the technology horizon is also a cultural horizon in the sense that â€Å"new technologies are driving the world toward more connectivity†. And as these technologies mature, they will most likely create new behavior (Estopace.1). Culture can be altered by emerging new technologies. Because work nowadays is much easier unlike in the old days that everything we do, we do it by hand. Like in telecommunication it become much faster and easier to communicate through phone and now people made mobile phones to carry it anywhere anytime. In addition there is no doubt that the cellular phone has become an extension of its user. Fifty-three percent of Filipinos say they plan most of their social activities using their cellular phone (Estopace.2). Mobile phone gives people an opportunity to organize their lifestyle or work schedules. It makes the user feel more secure about himself having a gadget that can manage his time. In additi on, the plethora of new handsets in the market may have its advantages as more and more people in the region admit that chasing after new models is crucial in keeping up with trends (Estopace.3). Mobile phones have increase in its sales these past few years. For this reasons many people intend to buy a much fancier cellular phone than the one’s they have. Trend in the Philippines is as important as food for our body people like to boast the beautiful things that they have one example is the technologically advance mobile phones. Chapter 3 Summary and Conclusion Summary Cellular phones have become a peculiar lifestyle to the Filipinos. It has become a national trend for almost every kind of person in the country. The research paper aims to solve the following problems: Major Problem: To be able to know the areas of the Filipino lifestyle that cell phones have greatly revolutionized. And the minor problems: To be able to know the advantages and disadvantages of having a cell phone, to be able to know how the cell phone phenomenon has affected the lifestyle of the Filipinos, and to be able to know why the Filipinos are so much hooked into cell phones. The entire research paper gathered data from books, websites, and periodicals. Based on the data gathered by the researchers, the cellular phone usage has affected the Social needs of the Filipinos. Mobile phones have become a necessary tool for business as well for the people’s everyday life, because it grants access to other people through telecommunication. Despite being a distraction at times, it is a reality that we cannot escape the fact that mobile phones have become a major part of our lives and that people cannot go to work or go out if people don’t bring along their mobile phones with them. Cellular phones have become a great trend among Filipinos, and almost everyone in the country owns a mobile phone nowadays. Conclusion After a thorough investigation, the research therefore concludes that: 1. Cellphones, can now even be a status symbol of some sort. The smaller, slickier and more expensive the phone the more powerful your image becomes. 2. Being reachable is one of the top reason for buying a cellphone. 3. The positive effects of cell phones are providing easier way of communication, the privilege of being able to use its exclusive features like cameras, radio, mp3 and helping people organize their schedule. 4. The negative effect of a cell phone is that it can become a source of distraction when working on something. 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Ugarte, Alicia Pingol, Joel Hernandez, and Nikos Lexis Dacanay, Txt-ing Selves: Cellphones and Philippine Modernity, Manila: De La Salle University Press, Inc. 2002 finlandembassy.ph/texting2.htm Research Papers on The Significance of Cell phones to the Progressive Lifestyle of the FilipinosUsing Cell Phones While Driving EssayInflation TargetingDeveloping a Computer Network for Bead BarThe Colour PurpleMy Air force EssayChildhood Obesity EssayIntentism The Resurrection of the AuthorDigital Marketing Mix Google EssayDistance Learning Survival GuideGenetic Engineering