Poetry Rhythm and Metre Flashcard

Poetry: Rhythm and Metre

Essay on Lord of the Flies

Essay on Lord of the Flies Essay on Lord of the Flies Savage Garden People have been writing books for thousands of years. Many topics and ideas have already been written about, so some authors write a new story that restates a book or idea. William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is an allegory to the story of the Garden of Eden from the Bible and restates many of the topics and ideas from that story. In Lord of the Flies, the basic setting and characters parallel the Garden of Eden. In the story, a group of boys crash land in a beautiful and peaceful island paradise that directly resembles the Garden of Eden as described in the Bible. The island the boys land on is heart shaped, filled with beautiful trees and fruit, and abundant with animals just like the Garden of Eden. Soon the boys even find a clearing in the forest that is nice and quiet which parallels the tranquility of the Garden of Eden. The boys in Lord of the Flies start off innocent, but soon become very savvy. It is as if the island is imparting its knowledge ju st like the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden. The boys soon know how to kill pigs and then humans. Because these boys are twelve years old at the oldest, this is not something one would expect them to know. At that age, boys are still thought of as young and innocent, but these boys are cunning and resourceful. Like Adam and Eve, they transition from an innocent to a sinful existence. After a few days on the island, the boys think they see a beastie which ties in to the story of the serpent, or the devil as it turns out, from the Garden of Eden. First, the boys think the beastie is a pig and then they think it is a dead man with a parachute. Then one of the characters comes up with the conclusion that the beastie is inside each of the boys, and that they are all evil in some way. Some of the boys display this beastie inside them when they brutally kill and eat a sow. Eating the sow, which they should not eat since it is a sacred mother, is like Adam going against God a nd eating the sacred apple. The boys eventually

From Mozart to the second school of Vienna essays

From Mozart to the second school of Vienna essays At Dimitris Mitropoulos hall on the 3rd of February took place a part of the sere From Mozart to the second school of Vienna. Wolfang Amadeus Mozarts piano, violin, viola and violoncello quartet num.2 in E-major, K.493 and Arnold Schoenbergs Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte, Op. 41 for string, piano and voice quartet and after the break, Wolfang Amadeus Mozarts piano, oboe, clarinet, horn and bassoon quintet in E-major, K-452. The quartets and the quintet were played as written above. Firstly, K.493 which wasAccording to Mozart's own catalogue, the second quartet in E-flat major was completed on June 3, 1786, less than nine months after the letter to Hoffmeister about the advance. This time, Mozart had the piece printed by the rival publisher Artaria and that edition is the earliest version we possess. With the exception of a few drafts from the Finale, which are in the British Museum, no autograph score remains. Even if one feels the work to be a relief after its uncompromising counterpart in G minor, the later quartet cannot really be seen as an easier alternative. It is too elaborate for that. This time Mozart sets the piano against the string trio more, but this is not done purely for convenience. The strong polarity of tonic and subdominant in the first two movements creates a somber undercurrent which is emphasized by the instrumentation. The second theme of the first movement (a softer version of the pent-up energy of the beginning, introduced by the violin) is preceded by a contracted motif of two descending sixths which then persists throughout the whole movement as a kind "idee fixe". There are no less than 31 reputations of it in the development, where it serves as a harmonic "pivot" for a very bold series of modulations. The slow movement exudes warmth and thoughtfulness, twinned with chromatic "moments of doubt". Harmonically expansive answering phrases in ...

How to Pronounce Chongqing, One of Chinas Major Cities

How to Pronounce Chongqing, One of Chinas Major Cities Learn how to pronounce Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ), one of Chinas major cities. Its located in South-west China (see map) and has almost 30 million inhabitants, although much less live in the urban center itself. The city is important because of its manufacturing and is also a regional transportation hub. In this article, we will first give you a quick and dirty way of how to pronounce the name if you just want to have a rough idea how to pronounce it. Then I’ll go through a more detailed description, including analysis of common learner errors. The Quick and Dirty Way of  Pronouncing Chongqing Most Chinese cities have names with two characters (and therefore two syllables). There are abbreviations, but these are rarely used in spoken language (the abbreviation for Chongqing is  Ã¦ ¸ . Heres a brief description of the sounds involved:   Listen to the pronunciation here while reading the explanation. Repeat yourself! Chong - Pronounce a shorter choo in choose plus -ngQing - Pronounce as chi- in chin plus -ng in sing If you want to have a go at the tones, they are rising and falling respectively. Note:  This pronunciation is  not  correct pronunciation in Mandarin. It represents my best effort to write the pronunciation using English words. To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing  names in Chinese  can be very hard if you havent studied the language; sometimes its hard, even if you have. Many letters used to write the sounds in Mandarin (called  Hanyu Pinyin) dont match the sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess the pronunciation will lead to many mistakes. Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand.   How to Actually Pronounce Chongqing If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography, i.e. how the letters relate to the sounds. There are many  traps and pitfalls in Pinyin  you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the two syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: Chà ³ng  (second tone)  - The initial is a retroflex, aspirated, affricate. What does that mean? It means that the tongue should feel like the tongue is slightly curled backwards as when saying right, that there is a small stop (a t-sound, but still pronounced with the described tongue position) followed by a hissing sound (such as when urging someone to be quiet: Shhh!) and that there should be a sharp puff of air on the stop. The final is tricky in two regards. First, English doesnt really have a short vowel in this position. Its reasonably close to choose but should be short. Second, the nasal -ng should be more nasal and further back. Dropping you jaw usually helps.Qà ¬ng  (fourth tone) -  The initial here is the only tricky part. q is an aspirated affricate, which means that its similar to the ch above, but with a different tongue position. The tongue tip should be down, lightly touching the teeth ridge behind the lower teeth. -ing should have the same nasal as above, too, but with an i and an optional schwa (roughly the vowel sound in English the) inserted after the i and before the nasal. The are some variations for these sounds, but  Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ) can be written like this in IPA: [ʈʂÊ °uÅ‹Â  tÉ•Ê °jəŋ] Note that both sounds have stops (the t) and that both have aspiration (the superscript h). Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry; there arent that many sounds. Once you’ve learned the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

Case study (enron case) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case study (enron case) - Essay Example These should be in the form of compliance officers or corporate ethical committees that oversee the ethical conduct in the company. Portraying myself in the role of the fictional executive, I find that I face a dilemma in terms of whether I should report the instance of unethical behavior or keep it to myself. Considering the fact that I came across a conversation between senior executives regarding unethical behavior, I have to face up to the fact that I need to take a stand on whether I betray their confidence and blow the whistle or keep quiet and let the other employees of the company suffer along with the shareholders. This dilemma is compounded by the fact that I know for certain that unethical business practices are being followed at the very top and that I cannot remain mute and at the same time, I do not have the right channels to report the behavior. In this paper, I discuss the course of action that I should undertake with reference to various theories of moral behavior as well as provide explanations for the scenarios of whether I should report and why and whether I should not report and why. There are issues of conflict of interest in both the scenarios. If I chose not to blow the whistle, I might be doing so because I stand to benefit from the stock options that have been offered to me. If I chose to disclose, I might end up comprising my fellow executives as well as my own position in the process. Of course, the conflict of interest in not blowing the whistle is greater than the other scenario. With regards to Kantian moral theory, the best course of action would be to blow the whistle on the wrong doing that is going on in the company. Kantian theory states that one should do the right thing irrespective of the consequences. Hence, the right thing to do in this case would be to complain either to the top management

Power and Privilege Socialization and Career Essay

Power and Privilege Socialization and Career - Essay Example The presence of gender bias, whichever direction it cuts, impacts the use of power and privilege to an unfair degree. Gender bias in schools. It has long been believed that one reason there is a gender-based social bias in our country is founded in the different gender expectations placed on children. For example, little boys are given guns and trucks as toys and told not to cry. Conversely, girls are presented with dolls and allowed to express emotions more readily. In schools, there tends to be a preference given to boys, sending a message of higher worth and power. "Giving the boys more time and attention is not uncommon according to research on gender bias in classrooms and it has been documented that this behavior sends a message to both boys and girls that one sex is more worthy of teachers' time and attention" (Wellhousen and Yin 38). This type of early socialization can negatively impact the self-image and choices made by girls, as well as diminish their interests in certain career fields. In fact, teachers themselves have been conditioned to project, even in very subtle ways, particular ca reer preferences based on gender. "From parents and counselors, books and television, and myriad societal institutions, teachers have been taught that one set of jobs and behaviors is appropriate for girls and another, different, set is appropriate for boys" (Erekson, et al. 67). It is unconscionable that a teacher would intentionally foist a stereotype on his classroom, but the understated message of gender inequality-or at least predisposition for one career field over another-still gets absorbed by young minds. This connotes that power and privilege both travel along the lines of gender expectations, and girls are disadvantaged from the start. That said, the notion of career-oriented gender bias is not exclusively applied to women; men have felt the disadvantage of role expectations as well. Gender bias is always unfair. In the case of Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, there was a non-typical application of career stereotyping where women were in the place of power and given a gender-biased privilege. In that case, Mr. Hogan applied to the university's nursing program and, though he was qualified in every way, was denied admission. The stated reason was because he was not a woman and the university was open exclusively to women. The practice of admitting only women was defended by the organization as a method of educational affirmative action, an argument the court refused. This illustrates the fundamental unfairness of gender bias, regardless of the direction in which it is applied, and gives support to negative gender stereotypes. Nursing is not a profession designed exclusively for women, just as being a doctor is not an occupation solely for men. Yet, even as children, these gender roles are most often assumed during play time; reinforcing an inappropriate a ttitude towards both individuals and career choices. When an otherwise qualified candidate is refused the opportunity to participate in any opportunity, program, or career solely on the basis of gender, it is a flagrant exercise of the abuse of power by those privileged to have it. Unfortunately, this unfairness is a learned behavior that stems

Practicum Experience Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Practicum Experience Journal - Essay Example This was attributed to the fact that at times the nurses had little time to do the documentation, thus compiling the information inappropriately leading to loss of vital information. This problem led to redoing of a lot of documentation at later stages by the nurses. For instance, failure to record full information immediately after a home visit led to inaccurate information since errors arose later when trying to figure out what was done during the home visit. This observed phenomenon is apparently one of the causes of the nursing shortage experienced over the recent past. Most of the nurses perceive this process of documentation as either redundant or potentially unnecessary (Lippincott et al., 2003). However, on the contrary this process is one of the most critical ones in administering effective care to patients. This is because it enables different nurses to keep track of a patient’s development even in the absence of others thus enabling proper cares by different nurses. Therefore, whether the documentation is manual or electronically, it should be done with utmost care so as to enhance accuracy in the information of patients hence efficiency of their

Domestic and Regional Regulation in the Airlines Sector Essay

Domestic and Regional Regulation in the Airlines Sector - Essay Example However, the civil aviation sector has only contributed to ~3% of anthropogenic warming in the last 20 years, and therefore, it is a relatively small contributor to the phenomenon of climate change2. While using this argument, it is arguable that any climate policy involving the airline industry must strike a balance between the abatement costs and emissions reductions. The airline sector makes several arguments about aviation’s impact on climate change, including the fact that the industry has improved efficiency of aircraft fuel by more than 70%, which has brought together their environmental and economic goals3. Moreover, aggressive pursuit of increased fuel efficiency means that emissions of greenhouse gases from the sector account for less than 3% of total EU greenhouse gas emissions. However, the sector’s contribution to climate change has continued to elicit heated debate with EU-based environmental groups argue that the figure is closer to 10%4. The examination of these arguments and counterarguments must take metrics and language used into consideration in determining the actual impact of the aviation sector on climate change. Whatever the case, the airline sector in the EU faces a serious barrier to continued growth. Commercial aircraft are almost entirely reliant on jet fuel like kerosene, which means that their combustion by-products are unavoidable and, therefore, their regulation would risk increased production costs5. The lack of commercially viable, alternative sources of energy means that any regulations and policies seeking to mitigate climate change must take on a sectoral or industry-specific dimension to protect the airline sector’s economic viability6. Therefore, climate change deliberations at the Paris 2015 Conference on Climate Change should find policy prescriptions that mitigate climate change, while also considering dominant cost drivers.  

Short answers about Introduction to Political Economy Essay - 3

Short answers about Introduction to Political Economy - Essay Example In a bid to take over the market, firms enhance internal efficiency, adopt new technologies, invest in innovations, and reduce inefficiency on managerial level (Office of Fair Trading 6). In the economic systems that are based on free markets, the latter are major determinants of market outcomes. In the situation when the market failure occurs because of the fact that this market’s quality, price, or quantity do not meet established social welfare norms, economic regulation is used. Its major aim is to prevent market failure. It is desirable since it prevents the market failure (Jacobs & Rapoport 353). The major difference between capture theory and public interest theory is that the latter believes that regulation is inherently effective: it leads to the society getting better off. By contrast, capture theories assert that regulation works in the interest of a particular group which has succeeded in making its case to some regulatory agency or some legislative body (Hovenkamp 133) In his Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx lists 10 steps needed to destroy the system of free enterprise and replace it with system of all-powerful governmental rule. This will bring in the communist state. These steps of 10 Planks of The Communist Manifesto are 1) abolition of private property and giving all land rents for public use; 2) a heavy progressive (or graduated) income tax; 3) abolition of rights of inheritance; 4) property confiscation from all rebels and emigrants; 5) centralization of credit in the state’s hands through national bank; 6) centralization all transportation and communications in the state’s hands; 7) factories’ extension; waste lands’ cultivation; 8) equal liability of all people to labor; 9) agriculture and manufacture combination, as well as equitable population distribution around the country; 10) free education in all public schools (Sims 194). The earliest position in the timeline of

The prices of college Essay Example for Free

The prices of college Essay The prices of college tuition have increased yearly, and not much of an effort is put forth to try to lower the costs. For example, colleges in the state of Pennsylvania have a high tuition. Moravian College’s tuition is about $32,931, and after receipt of grants and scholarships for one year it will be $22,900. East Stroudsburg University’s tuition is about $6,240, and after receipt of grants and scholarships for one year it will be $12,500. I can barely afford Community College, and I know for a fact I wouldn’t be able to afford any of these colleges or universities either. In this essay, I will explain through facts and opinions, why the cost of college tuition should be lowered. Many people decide to start off first in Community Colleges after they leave high school because it’s cheaper. Even though, some may have the money to move on to the college or university that they dreamed about attending, or to the exact college or university that acquire the major they want to complete. Some don’t start college after high school because they’re working on saving up enough money to attend one. Through these different experiences, I’ve realized why the cost of college tuition should be lowered. By lowering the prices of college tuition, many people can actually go to a certain college or university that contains the major they want. Others can keep up with their studies and actually have a bright future ahead of them. Most people can even study and work hard to be able to have a wealthy job and not even have to worry about this problem with costly colleges. Personally, I am going through issues with my college tuition. I try to pay off my college tuition with the help of my seasonal job at Dorney Park, and my parents, and the financial aid I received as well. My main problem is that even with all the help I get, I still end up paying a big amount of money for my college tuition at Northampton Community College. According to a website I recently found, it showed what the total annual cost of the school. The website also says that the total annual cost is without grants and scholarship. Paying off the cost can be hard for most people, especially some who just got out of college and it’s hard Moravian’s total annual cost comes out to be in $44,069, and that is also without adding any grants, loans, or scholarships. Also, East Stroudsburg’s total annual cost comes out to be in $15,299, and again that is without adding any grants, loans, or scholarships. Even in where I am at, Northampton Community College, there total annual cost comes out to be in $14,684, but I don’t commute at home so it’s a little less then that price, still there is barely a difference. These prices of college tuitions have been skyrocketing, and will keep going higher if no change is made. In conclusion, the cost of college tuitions has to go down, because many people in the world today are becoming poor, or are in financial debt, or in the recession because of these outlandish prices. Also, a big problem is the dreams of many people around the world to move on in life, and go forth to achieve goals are being traumatically ruined because of the prices of college tuition. I am one to say, college is getting way to pricy, and if these prices keep going up more, then my dreams would go down more of having the job I always wanted, having enough money to support my family and children in the future, and about even having a future at all. The government already takes enough money from every individual through taxes, we need a financial change, we need college to be cheaper, and we need it now! http://www.dailyfinance.com/2010/08/30/smartest-students-community-colleges/ http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/my-money/2012/05/30/5-reasons-community-colleges-make-sense-right-now

The History of Newspapers

The History of Newspapers Introduction: Any kinds of news about something new or current affairs which appears frequently and is a type of publication can be considered as a Newspaper. According to American author Mark Twain â€Å"If you dont read the newspaper, youre uninformed. If you read the newspaper, youre mis-informed.† Newspaper consists of many different contents such as news, articles, features, advertisement and many more which is printed in relatively cheap newsprint. Newspaper publishes news daily or weekly of general interest to large portions of public in a specific geographic area. According to American Novelist Norman Mailer Once a newspaper touches a story the facts are lost forever, even the protagonists. A newspaper contains news and articles that touches personalities, business and finance, crime, severe weather, natural disasters, health and medicine, science and technology, sports, entertainment, fashion and arts divided and published in different sections closely related to proximity factor or general interest of the people. Even though the Newspaper is based on facts and news, personal opinions are adjusted through editorials and op-eds. The newspaper includes photographs shot by the photographers along with stories and articles along with graphic artists, data, chats and diagrams. All the reports or stories have headlines and photographs with caption is edited to be fixed somewhere in the papers layout after being checked by the editors usually supervised by an editor-in-chief or an executive editor. The newspaper business is kept alive by general circulation or through advertisement they carry. It is important for newspaper to provide citizens with information on government and politics. History of Newspaper in European context: The history of newspaper in Europe can be traced back to 59 B.C. to A.D. 222 in Rome when writing and reading gained reliability. The Roman Empire published Acta Diurna (Daily Acts), a daily handwritten news sheets which were carved in mental or stone and posted by the government in Roman forum. The acta contained news of Political happenings, trials, scandals, military campaigns and executions. These were printed with the order of Julius Caesar, a Roman general and author of Latin writing style. The printing press came into light to propagate news in Europe soon after the invention of letter press by Johann Gutenberg in the 1450s which was the initiation of movable type of printing press. In 1470, one of the first printed works which can be considered as news was an Italian account of a tournament. Christopher Columbus had written a letter reporting his discoveries which was set in type and was circulated all over Barcelona before he got there in 1493. There were thousands of printed newsbooks, short pamphlets reporting on a news event, and news ballads, details of current events written in verse and generally printed on one side of a single sheet of paper which were circulated all over Europe and its colonies specially America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The newsbooks and news ballads was eligible enough to be called a newspaper since they appeared only once, to report only one story and had no identity separate from the scrupulous news report they told. There is no doubt that the concept of modern newspaper was invented in Europe. The oldest form of modern newspaper is said to be first published as a handwritten news sheets that circulated extensively in Venice, Italy in the sixteenth century. Notizie scritte (written notices) were published by the government of Venice in 1556 which led to the trademark of modern newspaper. Venice was the center of trade in Europe therefore hub for information. The Venetian news sheets also known as avisi or gazettes which was handwritten had information and news regarding politics, wars and economy of Italy and Europe during early modern era (1500 – 1800). The newspaper traveled all along Europe till London and was distributed weekly during 1566 A.D. They techniques and style they applied for this paper were short sets of news items, advanced from a particular city, printed under the name of that city along with the date on which they were sent. These techniques would be used in most early p rinted newspapers and this idea of handwritten newsbooks travelled all the way to Germany and Holland. According to World association of newspapers, the oldest surviving European printed newspaper were published weekly in German language in Germany, the first being Relation aller Fà ¼rnemmen und gedenckwà ¼rdign Historien printed in 1605 A.D. in Strasbourg by Johann Carlous followed Avisa Relation oder Zeitun printed by Lucas Schlute in 1609 in Wolfenbà ¼ttel. The names of the cities were not included in the papers in order to evade government prosecutions. It did not take much time for the printed newspaper to spread through Europe rapidly starting from printed weeklies which appeared in Basel in 1610, followed by Frankfort and Vienna in 1615 and finally in Berlin by 1617. All the weeklies were in German language and no specific names have been discovered. In 1618 the first Dutch newspaper weekly was introduced in Amsterdam called Courante uyt Italien, Buytslandt, c. which can be considered as the first broadsheet paper because it was issued in folio – size rather than previously printed pamphlets in quarto – size. The very first newspaper printed in England came in 1621 when an English official complained about the lack of means of communication in England. The French started printing newspaper of its own in May 30, 1631 called La Gazette in Paris. The Italians introduced their first printed weekly in 1639 followed by Spanish Catalan language newspaper Gazeta in 1641. The first English Language newspaper was printed in Amsterdam by Joris Veseler for the publisher Pieter van den Keere in 1620. The first English newspaper does not begin with a title because in those early days papers often did not have consistent names. The first English newspaper is well illustrated by the following item: Out of Ceulen (cologne), the 24 of November. Letters of Neurenburge of the 20 of this present, make mention, that they had advise from the Borders of Bohemis, that there had been a very great Battle by Prague. The news was translated in English, printed and shipped to London. Many early newspapers did not have many stories to be printed and struggled to find new news to fill their paper every week, especially in England, the news were published late. The readers expectation of weekly newes was not fulfilled during those time. This led to more working hours to gather news to fill the weekly news and this pace of gathering news lead to adapt itself to the schedule of daily newspapers later on. The first actually printed newspaper in England was Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Gerany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the low Countreys in September 24, 1621. The publisher known by only initials N.B. whose credits are given either to Nathaniel Butter and Nicholas Bourne which were both Englands first newspaper journalist. The second newspaper in France Gazette de France was also published in 1631 by Theophraste Renaudot which survived till the French Revolution in 1789. There were basically two formats in which the newspaper were published in early days; one was the Dutch paper style known as corantos, in which the reports were packed densely in only two or four pages and the other style was the German weeklies, generally a pamphlets with eight to twenty four pages. The Dutch style of paper eventually turned into German style in 1622. The news were printed directly in print shop as soon as it was received, such as the thirty years war raging on the continent at that time appeared under the name of Vienna, Frankfort or Prague or any other cities where a letter or newspaper found its way to a printing shop. The same news printed in some date in a certain city was printed in different date in some other city. In London the process of editing story to make it easier for the reader started by editor Thomas Gainsford, who started working in series of early English newspaper in 1622. The Oxford Gazette which was established in 7 November 1665 and that contained official journals of record of the British government is the oldest surviving English newspaper in the world today. The Daily Courant was the first daily newspaper in the England and the world. It was first published in 11 March 1702 and was produced by Elizabeth Mallet and contained a single page with advertisements on the reverser side. Year Newspaper Language City Country Reference 1605 Relation aller Fà ¼rnemmen und gedenckwà ¼rdign Historien German Strasbourg Holy Roman Empire First newspaper of the world 1609 Avisa Relation oder Zeitung German Wolfenbà ¼ttel Holy Roman Empire 1610 German Basel Swiss Confederacy 1615 German Frankfurt Holy Roman Empire 1617 German Berlin Holy Roman Empire 1618 Courante uyt Italien Duytslandt, c. Dutch Amsterdam Dutch Republic It is the worlds first broadsheet. out of use in 1664 1620 Nieuwe Tijdinghen Dutch Antwerp Spanish Netherlands Published in 1605 – 1629 1631 La Gazette French Paris France First newspaper in French language and first weekly magazine established between May 30, 1631 – September 30, 1915 1641 Gazeta Catalan Barcelona Spain The first Catalan Language newspaper. Only two issues were published 1645 Ordinari Post Tijdender Swedish Stockholm Sweden Oldest and still published newspaper in the world. Went online in 2007 1656 Weeckelycke Courante van Europa Dutch Haarlem Dutch Republic In 1664 the name was changed to Oprechte haerlemsche Courant. The newspaper merged with the Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 and still exists. 1661 La Gazeta Spanish Madrid Kingdom of Spain Existed till 2008 as Boletin official del Estado and went completely online from 2009. 1661 Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny Polish Krakow Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Lasted till 22 July 1661 in Warsaw. 1664 Gazzetta di Mantova Italian Mantua Duchy of Mantua, Holy Roman Empire Still the oldest privet and continuously published print in the world. 1665 Oxford Gazette English Oxford England It was renamed as London Gazette and moved to London in 1666. 1702 Daily Courant English London England It was the worlds first daily Newspaper. Merged with the Daily Gazetteer in 1735. 1702 Vedomosti Russian Moscow Russia Renamed as Sankt – Petersburgskie in 1728, and again renamed as Petrogradskie Vedomosti in 1914. Last issue in 1917. 1703 Wiener Zeitung German Vienna Austria Still in publication. 1704 The Review English London England Founded by Daniel Defoe as a Review of the Affairs of France until 1713. 1705 Hildesheimer Relations – Courier German Hildesheim Germany Still in publication with name Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung. 1705 Mercurius Hungaricus Hungarian Hungary Hungary Was printed in Latin and lasted till 1710. 1709 The Tatler English London Kingdom of Great Britain Founder was Richarded Steele and existed till 1711. 1709 The Worcester Post – Man English Worcester Kingdom of Great Britain Renamed as Berrows Worcester journal since 1753. Last publication was in 1690. 1710 The Examiner English London Kingdom of Great Britain Jonathan swift had the most contribution and lasted till 1714. 1711 The Spectator English London Kingdom of Great Britain Founded by Joseph Addison and lasted till 1712. 1719 The Daily Post English London Kingdom of Great Britain Established in 1719 by Daniel Defoe. It contained news about current events, science, art and all important dates. 1719 PraÃ…Â ¾skà © poÃ… ¡tovskà © noviny Czech Prague Kingdom of Bohemia It was a weekly newspaper which is no more. 1731 Gentlemans Magazine English London England Lasted till 1922 and was first to use the term magazine. 1734 Lloyds List English London England It still publishes news about shipping, marine insurance and is the oldest English – language daily to be published till date. 1735 Gazzetta di Parma Italian Parma Duchy of Parma Still available. 1737 The Belfast News Letter English Belfast Kingdom of Ireland Still available. 1738 Feuille dAvis de Neuchà ¢tel French Neuchatel Swiss Confederacy The oldest French – Language daily newspaper which is still published. 1747 The Press and Journal English Aberdeen United Kingdom Still available. 1749 Berlingske Danish Copenhagen Denmark – Norway Originally known as Kjà ¸benhavnske Danske Post-Tidender. Still available. 1752 Leeuwarder Courant Dutch Leeuwarden The Netherlands Originally known as Leeuwarder Saturdagse Courant. Still available. 1758 Norrkà ¶pings Tidningar Swedish Norrkà ¶ping Sweden Originally published weekly asNorrkà ¶pings Weko-Tidningar. Still available. 1761 Nassau – Saarbrà ¼ckisches Wochenblatt German Saarbrà ¼cken Nassausaarbrucken Still available as Sarbrà ¼ker Zeitung. 1767 Adresseavisen Norwegian Trondheim Denmark – Norway Originally namedKongelig allene privilegerede Trondheims Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available 1767 Finns Leinster Journal English Kilkenny Kingdom of Ireland 1772 Fyens Stiftstidende Danish Odense Denmark – Norway Originally namedKongelig Privilegerede Odense Adresse-Contoirs Efterretninger. Still available. 1783 The Herald English Glasgow United Kingdom Still available. 1785 The Times English London United Kingdom Still available. 1791 The observer English London United Kingdom First Sunday newspaper of the world. Still available. 1794 Arhus Stiftstidende Danish Denmark – Norway Arhus Originally named Aarhus Stifts-Tidende.still available 1817 The Scotsman English Edinburgh United Kingdom Still available 1821 The Guardian English Manchester United Kingdom Originally named The Manchester Guardian. Still available. 1824 Abo Underrà ¤ttelser Swedish Abo Finland Still available. 1826 Le Figaro French Paris France Still available. 1829 Curierul Romà ¢nesc Romanian Bucharest Romania Lasted from 1829 to 1859. 1829 Albina Romà ¢nească Romanian Lasi Romania Lasted from 1829 to 1850. 1831 Takvim-I vekayi Turkish Istanbul Ottoman Empire Published till 1891. 1835 O Aà §oriano Oriental Portuguese Ponta Delgada Azores Portugal Still available. 1843 News of the World English London United Kingdom Closed in 7 July 2011, after the phone hacking scandal. 1844 Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant Dutch Rotterdam The Netherlands Merged with Algemeen Handelsblad in 1970 and still available. 1846 LIndà ©pendant French Perpignan France Still available. 1853 Faro de Vigo Spanish Vigo Spain Oldest and still available newspaper published in spain. 1854 Surrey Comet English London United Kingdom Still available. 1855 The Daily Telegraph English London United Kindom Still available. 1855 A Aurora do Lima Portuguese Viana do Castelo Portugal Still available. 1859 Le Progrà ¨s French Lyon France Still available. 1859 La Nazione Italian Florence Grand Duchy of Tuscany Still available. 1861 LOsservatore Romano Italian Vatican City Papal States Semi official newspaper of the Holy See. 1863 Church Times English London England Weekly newspaper which is still available. 1870 La Dà ©pà ªche du Midi French Tlulouse France Still available. 1873 Richmond and Twickenham Times English London England Weekly London newspaper which is still available. 1877 Dernià ¨res Nouvelles dAlsace French Strasbourg France Still available. 1881 The Evening News English London England Closed in 1987. 1882 El Pireneo Aragonà ©s Spanish Jaca Spain Still published in the Autonomous community of Aragon. 1888 Financial Times English London United Kingdom Still available. 1889 LEst Rà ©publicain French Nancy France Still available. 1891 Gazet van Antwerpen Dutch Antwerp Flanders, Belgium Still available. 1891 La Nuova Sardegna Italian Sassari Kindom of Italy Still available. 1893 Lidovà © Noviny Czech Brno Moravia, Austria – Hungary Still published in Prague and known as Lidovky. 1893 De Telegraaf Dutch Amsterdam The Netherlands Still available and is the largest Newspaper in Holland. 1895 Heraldo de Aragà ³n Spanish Zaragoza Spain Still available and known as Heraldo. 1896 Daily Mail English London England Was a major trendsetter for English newspaper market by starting the trend for popular mass journalism and is still published. Table 1: List of oldest newspapers in Europe according to the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers. The freedom of the press was very much suppressed during those times and controlled by the authorities therefore very less news about the country was being printed at those times. The newspapers were not allowed to discuss any local or national issues or events. The first breakthrough in news writing came during the English Civil War after the parliament under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell struggled with King Charles I, and journalist felt free to discuss about it. The first English newspaper to talk about national issue was the sedate little weekly entitles which talked about the proceedings in the parliament in 1641. The struggle of freedom of press was initiated by John Milton in His Areopagitica in England 1644. They were free from government control and experienced free press. According to the historian Joseph Frank, newspapers in England were the first to use Headlines, print advertisement, employ women, newsboy to sell newspapers and proper journalist in the world in 1640s. Newspaper started reporting newsworthy national stories by 1649 with a story: This day the King was beheaded, over against the Banquetting house by White – Hall†¦. Cormwell gained more power after the beheading of Charles I and cracked down the press allowing only few newspapers to be printed. However the Glorious Revolution in 1688 again free the press freedom and the Licensing Act lapsed in 1695 allowing press to criticize the government and write what they pleased. Newspapers started taking new turns by becoming more commercial with more advertisement along with printing price listings and market reports. In 1650 the worlds oldest surviving printed daily newspaper Einkommende Zeitung was established in Leipzig in 1650. Daily Courant became the first daily newspaper in the world which appeared in London in 1702. In the early eighteenth century, according to journalism historian Stanley Morison, the newspaper gained a hold on Londons commercial classes which it never lost. At that time, too, great essayists like Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift began publishing newspapers filled with their social and political commentaries in London. Breakthrough in English newspaper came when journalist were allowed so sit in the gallery in parliament, however they could not take any notes. In 1783 journalist were allowed to take notes after William Woodfall, editor of morning Chronicles send his reports to write the parliament proceedings. Similarly reports about the French Revolution were heavily written all over Europe which led to many other revolutions notably the American Revolution in late 1700s. The early 19th century there was many newspapers being published in Europe specially after the Industrial Revolution. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to Become and even more widely circulated means of communication. By 1814, the Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per minute. Conclusion In this way the development of newspapers in Europe has impacted the way of newspaper writing and printing all over the world. The rich history of newspaper in Europe and its domination around the world at that period has left a lot of impact and impression on other newspaper around the world. According to WAN-IFRA Currently there are more than 15 thousand newspaper titles in the world. Newspaper is a part of eve

how a Christian couple would apply these beliefs in their married life :: essays research papers

A Christian couple would most likely apply their beliefs with an everlasting marriage, one that stays strong and provides a welcoming foundation for a family. The family is not merely an invention of society, but an institution founded by God himself. The family is God’s agency for populating the earth with people who would love God and be loved by Him. It is to be formed exclusively through a loving lifelong marriage covenant between a man and a woman. â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth† The Bible is filled with teaching on the family and stories that tell of the triumph and tragedy of families. Both the Old and New Testaments contain numerous reflections on the roles of father, mother and children. The clear message of Scripture is that individuals and families suffer when lives are not lived in accordance with God's standards. Numerous biblical tragedies are played out in the context of families. When people fail to fulfill their proper functions in the family, they and their families suffer. The husband is first and foremost called by God to love his wife. So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself. For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church: For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones† The husband is to provide leadership as he models the Christian faith (beliefs and way of living) before his family. He is to reflect in his life the character and virtues of the Christian faith. This happens when he lives a life of integrity, faithfulness, and obedience to God. The physical, material, emotional and spiritual needs of the family are to be met by the husband and father to the very best of his ability. He is to provide security and protection for his family. There is no biblical justification for not meeting these needs. It is his duty before God. â€Å"But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. how a Christian couple would apply these beliefs in their married life :: essays research papers A Christian couple would most likely apply their beliefs with an everlasting marriage, one that stays strong and provides a welcoming foundation for a family. The family is not merely an invention of society, but an institution founded by God himself. The family is God’s agency for populating the earth with people who would love God and be loved by Him. It is to be formed exclusively through a loving lifelong marriage covenant between a man and a woman. â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them. And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth† The Bible is filled with teaching on the family and stories that tell of the triumph and tragedy of families. Both the Old and New Testaments contain numerous reflections on the roles of father, mother and children. The clear message of Scripture is that individuals and families suffer when lives are not lived in accordance with God's standards. Numerous biblical tragedies are played out in the context of families. When people fail to fulfill their proper functions in the family, they and their families suffer. The husband is first and foremost called by God to love his wife. So ought men to love their wives as their own bodies. He that loveth his wife loveth himself. For no man ever yet hated his own flesh; but nourisheth and cherisheth it, even as the Lord the church: For we are members of his body, of his flesh, and of his bones† The husband is to provide leadership as he models the Christian faith (beliefs and way of living) before his family. He is to reflect in his life the character and virtues of the Christian faith. This happens when he lives a life of integrity, faithfulness, and obedience to God. The physical, material, emotional and spiritual needs of the family are to be met by the husband and father to the very best of his ability. He is to provide security and protection for his family. There is no biblical justification for not meeting these needs. It is his duty before God. â€Å"But if any provide not for his own, and specially for those of his own house, he hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel.

The Negative Impact of Television on Education Essay -- Teaching Educa

The Negative Impact of Television on Education Television is a pervasive and complex part of children's lives, there are many factors that affect how much and what they view. In the essay 'Teaching as an Amusing Activity' (1987), Neil Postman argues television conditions us to tolerate visually entertaining material measured out in chunks at a time. He explains the ways in which the media is changing the way our children are learning. Neil Postman starts off by explaining how television is being used as an attractive and seductive medium to make children to like school with shows such as Sesame Street. He describes how in a classroom setting allows the student to participate in asking questions and being interactive, while television lures the children with stimulating, colourful and creative images. Neil Postman then compares the difference in learning behaviours between the classroom setting and sitting in front of the television, which is the problem that is facing America today. Television does not encourage children to go to school but also affects their cognitive and social development. Neil Postman continues on with his idea on how children should learn. It is not what they are learning, since television shows can all be educational, it is how you learn it that is important. By watching television, the children are only expected to play a viewer role, while not realizing the familiarity of their role as a student in a classroom. This is leading American cultur...

Ethical Reflection on the Manhattan Project Essay

The Manhattan Project is the code name for the US government’s secret project that was established before World War II and culminated in the development of the nuclear bomb. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the US Army Corps of Engineers. It employs more than 130,000 people and cost nearly US$2 billion (roughly equivalent to $25.8 billion as of 2013). Over 90% of the cost was for building factories and producing the fissionable materials, with less than 10% for development and production of the weapons. At that time Hitler was building an atomic bomb obscurely and would use it in the war against the allies to turn the tables. The necessity and ethical responsibilities are clear cut. If the allies didn’t develop the nuclear bomb before Germany, they will suffer heavy loss and casualty in view of the huge destructive power of nuclear bomb. Hitler can even threat the allies to use the bomb on the civilians to force the allies to compromise to reach his strategic target. In 1945, two atomic bombs produced by the project were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, which accelerate the pace of Japan’s haul down their flag and prevent the meaningless and desperate resistance of Japan. The project is proposed by many prominent physicists including Albert Einstein to the US government at that time. It is considered as a fast and efficient method to end the catastrophe and avoid even more loss and casualty to the human being as a whole. From this aspect, it is deontologically righteous. However, it is difficult to decide it from the aspect of consequentialism and virtue ethics because we need a long period to judge the consequence or reflect on ethics. It is controversial both at that time and in the future. It accelerates the ending of the great calamity with the expense of destructive environmental impact and the lives of many civilians in the two cities. It provides a great amount clean energy in view of the pressing energy shortage while open the Pandora box for human being. It develops the subtle balance between big powers to avoid the war while possibly knells the bell for the civilization and the earth.

Individual Constitution and Systems of the State Essay

During the time when the state’s first declared their independence from Great Britain there was an enormous demand for a balance in power. However, the establishment of such posed to be no easy task for our founding fathers. Originally the new state’s constitutions foundation was based off the thirteen colonial charters (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p56). Which was modified a short while later, as the colonies were expanded, to include the â€Å"rights of Englishmen† (Bowman & Kearney 2011, p. 56). According to Bowman & Kearney (2011), â€Å"All state constitutions both distribute and constrain political power among groups and regions† (p. 55). In that such provide the basic and key components for government to allow for an even distribution of power for the three branches, while offering protection for individual rights. â€Å"Constitutions represent the fundamental law of a state, superior to statutory law. Only the federal Constitution and federal statutes take priority over state constitutions† (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p. 55). Over the course of many years the state’s constitutions have been slowly amended to meet the needs of a growing governmental body. The current Texas constitution was created in 1876 and is composed of a preamble followed by 17 articles, â€Å"to include Bill of Rights, Legislative Department, Executive Department, and Judicial Department† (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). Article I of the Texas constitution is the Bill of Rights. It is in this article that individual rights are outlined for citizens in which the government cannot overlook under any given circumstance. Upon reading the Texas Constitution, the impression is given that religious freedom and for no man to be unjustly persecuted by the hand of the government pose to be the most important feature detailed in the Bill of Rights. Just like the United States Constitution there are limitations to the freedoms being granted in this portion of the Texas document (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). In replica of the United Stated Constitution, state level constitutions are sculpted after the federal government in which it delegates power throughout three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p.27). Article III of the Texas Constitution writes the legislative department; section 1 states that, â€Å"The legislative power of this State  shall be vested in a Senate and House of Representatives, which together shall be styled â€Å"The Legislature of the State of Texas† (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). Sections 2 through 7 details the composition of the legislative department to include the House of Representatives and the Senat e and also states the qualifications for such positions. The Senate entails thirty-one members and is prohibited to exceed such limit. The House of Representatives is comprised â€Å"of 93 members until the first apportionment† (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013) then it may increase by ratio not to exceed 1 representative per 15,000 inhabitants. However the numbers are to never surpass 150 members. The remainder sections write the limitations of the legislature power, details processes, and conditions the expectations in regards to the conduct of each official (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). In the State of Texas, the Legislative Branch is granted the most powers in writing. One can find supporting evidence to the fact after a complete examination is done of this document. A conclusion can be drawn that as a result of all powers given, this branch is able to have a limited amount of regulation over the other two branches of government. Also, it is here that bills of law are p assed to ensure the necessary provisions stated in other articles are upheld. The power of the executive branch is amalgamated from the office of the governor (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p. 68). Historically, the executive branch held increasingly more power and stature resulting from constitutional amendments allowing for governors to be elected by popular vote. (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p. 59). Such unbalance in power eventually led to the people giving governors higher authority to veto legislative bills and granted longer terms. This trend continued through the early 1800s, 1830s and 1840s however, somewhat ended during the Jacksonian Era due to â€Å"the Jacksonian principle of popular elections to fill most government offices resulted in a fragmented state executive branch.† (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p. 59). Within the Texas Constitution the executive branch powers can be found in Article IV, â€Å"The Executive Department† (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). The Executive Department must contain â€Å"a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of  State, comptroller of public accounts, tr easurer, commissioner of the land of office and attorney general† (Ericson & Wallace, 2010). Throughout the remainder of the article, elaboration of the rights and responsibilities of each member is outlined (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). The Judicial Branch power is bestowed in a supreme court, courts of appeal, district courts, and various other courts as authorized by the state’s constitution. Usually the state’s judicial branch is headed by the state Supreme Court who tries cases from courts of lower levels (Bowman & Kearney, 2011, p.68). Article V from the Texas Constitution includes the powers of the Judicial Department to be vested in â€Å"one Supreme Court, in a Court of Appeals, in District Courts, in County Courts, in Commissioners’ Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, and in such other courts and may be established by law† (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). The head of the Supreme Court is governed by a chief justice and two associate justices. With further reading, the rules and regulations for the court justices and order of operations can be found written in the sections of this article (The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research, 2013). In conclusion, many amendments have been made to reflect the needs of a growing population all through history. Conferring with Bowman & Kearney (2011), â€Å"constitutional revision must be an ongoing process if the states are to cope with the changing contours of American society and stay in the vanguard of innovation and change† (p.70). In addition, meeting the need of such a vastly growing entity can be a difficult mission. Original limitations set forth by previous documents have been altered to reflect an even distribution of power and added protections for individuals. Due to the Texas constitution’s length of 63,000 plus words it is seen as one of the most verbose document of other states. According to Joe E. Ericson and Ernest Wallace, â€Å"Its wealth of detail causes it to resemble a code of laws rather than a constitution. Its many requirements and limitations on both state and local governments make it one of the most restrictive among state constitutions† (Ericson & Wallace, 2010). References Bowman, A. O., & Kearney, R. (2001). Sate and Local Government (8th edition). Boston, MA: Cengage Ericson, J. E., & Wallace, E. (2010, June 12). Constitution of 1876. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from Handbook of Texas Online: https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mhc07 The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research. (2013). Texas Constitutions 1824-1876. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from Rare Books and Special Collections: http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1876/a1 The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research. (2013). Texas Constitutions 1824-1876. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from Rare Books and Special Collections: http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1876/a5 The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research. (2013). Texas Constitutions 1824-1876. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from Rare Books and Special Collections: http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1876/a4 The University of Texas School of Law: Tarlton Law Library: Jamail Center for Legal Research. (2013). Texas Constitutions 1824-1876. Retrieved April 12, 2014, from Rare Books and Special Collections: http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/texas1876/a3

Beverly Cleary Author Study Essay

Hi, my name is Beverly Cleary. I am an author of over thirty books for children and adults. I have written many award winning books. I worked as a librarian when I was younger. That’s where I got the idea to write about ordinary kids. I was born in McMinnville Oregon on April 12, 1916. My dad was in the war. When I was a child I was always around books. Soon me and my family moved to Portland. I attended grammar and high school there. I found myself in the low reading circle. When in third grade I was told by the public librarian â€Å"You should write a book.† I kept that in mind. When I was 34 I wrote my first book, Henry Huggins. The way I get the ideas for the books is from my own experiences like my childhood or other kids’ childhood. Maybe I would see an article in the newspaper or a magazine. Sometimes it would just seem to come out of thin air. Once two boys who didn’t know each other asked me to write a book about a child of divorce. That’s how I got Dear Mr. Henshaw, my Newberry winner. One street that most of my characters live on is Klickitat Street which is a real street in Portland. I have won many awards for my books. For example, Dear Mr. Henshaw won the Newberry Medal in 1984. Ramona and Her Father was made a Newberry Honor Book in 1978. Ramona Quimby, Age 8 was made a Newberry Honor Book in 1982. The Newberry award is one of the most prestigious awards given to authors for their contributions to literature for children. In 1984 the U.S. made me a nominee for the Hans Christian Andersen award. Two of my books are Henry Huggins and Ribsy. Some ways they are alike are that they have the same characters – Henry Huggins, Ribsy, Ramona, and Beezes. They both have a both have problems concerning animals and they take place on the same street. Some ways they are different are that they have different problems. In the book Henry Huggins, Henry has lots of small problems with his pets, which are not life and death situations. In the book Ribsy, Ribsy the dog has one big problem. He gets lost and he needs to figure out how to get back to his owner, Henry Huggins. This is a big problem for a dog because he doesn’t want to get hit by a car or get killed or hurt by other animals. My books are about ordinary kids and the things that happen to them. There’s usually a problem or two and the characters find interesting ways to solve them. I like to write about ordinary kids because it’s something kids can relate to and enjoy reading without thinking it’s a hassle. Kids tell me they like my stories. I hope you do too.

Medical Law Essay Example

Medical Law Essay Example Medical Law Paper Medical Law Paper The case presents parents disagreeing with each other over their 12 year old minor receiving continued chemotherapy for his leukaemia. While boy and mother are against the treatment, father and doctors of the trust want to continue treatment so that the boy would survive for one more year. The principle the doctor should follow is the ‘best- interests’ of the patient regardless of the parents’ conflicting stance. Even if both the parents want to discontinue treatment, the doctor should not ignore best-interests principle since the patient is incompetent to decide. As there is no urgency if treatment is continued, the doctors would be well advised to refer the matter to ethical committee in the hospital for ultimate reference to Court’s appropriate orders. At least until the court is approached, the boy’s treatment should continue. In England, consent or refusal to treatment by adults is specifically provided for only in Mental Health Act obviously due to mental incapacity. For Children, Family Reform Act 1969 and Children Act 1989 would apply. Children who are 16 or 17 years old can be treated as adults for consent purposes, though it would not apply to refusal. For Children below 16, Gillick (1986) case law is of some assistance. The principle set out in that case states that if the minor patient is of sufficient intelligence and understanding; he/she is considered Gillick competent to give consent. Refusal to such a treatment already consented to whether by minor patient himself or by his parents is to be treated in a different perspective. For babies or young children, some one on their behalf alone can give consent in the best interests of the child. If there is a conflict, court can have overriding power to intervene and decide in the best interests of the children. In re M [1999), 15? year old, Gillick competent, with an acute heart failure was recommended for heart transplant. But the patient refused, unwilling to have someone else’s heart. The doctor decided that transplant was in the bests interests of the minor patient and therefore it was held to be valid in spite of refusal. In the instant case, Peter is a 12 year old boy undergoing treatment for leukaemia which he wants to be discontinued due to the painful chemotherapy. Since the doctor is opinion that continuance of treatment would ensure his one more year’s survival, his father is willing to continue treatment but his mother is resisting. Since minor has no capacity and hence no autonomy, his refusal can be overridden by the proxies of parents. In this case there is conflict between parents and the doctor is at risk to unilaterally continue or discontinue treatment due to the prospect of either of the parents proceeding against him. Though the doctor is permitted under law to decide in the ‘best interests’ principle, court intervention will be desirable in the present case because of the time available for taking a decision for continuance or discontinuance. The doctor will be in real fix if the decision is to be taken instantly in which case best-interests principle would apply. Assuming that this is a case of conflict between parents and the doctor, section 15. 2 of BMA Guidance will apply (BMA). Again this provision calls for an assessment of benefits or burden of treatment. The medical profession is guided by the same criteria as it would apply in the case of an adult in similar situation of severe unavoidable pain and distress. This crystallises to the principle of best interests of the patient, be an adult or a child. The General Medical Council’s guidance as Good Medical Practice (2006) also stresses the principle of the best interests of the child in para no 68 which says that the doctor should along with the parents or those responsible for the child assess burdens or risks for the child and encourage the child also to participate in the decision making process consistent with age and maturity of the child. Para 69 says that doctor should assess capacity of the child so as to take a particular decision and to understand consequences of treatment or non treatment. Particularly paras 72 to 76 exhort the doctors in charge of the incompetent patient to achieve a consensus between the two parents of parental responsibly without allowing the parent not in agreement to veto their proposal. It has been made further clear that doctors in charge of the incompetent patient to approach the problem with compassion and take the parents and others concerned into confidence so that they in their emotional outburst do not commit errors in their judgment. If still not possible to eliminate differences of opinion among the parents preventing treatment, doctors should seek legal advice and get a ruling from the courts. If none of them with parental responsibility is willing to authorise treatment, doctor can not implement his proposal without court’s ruling unless the emergency calls for treatment in the best interests of the child in order to prevent deterioration and to save the child’s life for the time being. In any case court’s ultimate orders will have to be obtained in such situations. (GMC) He should also consider applicable laws or legal precedents relevant to the different jurisdictions of U. K. In Re J (1990), court held that treatment was not in the best interests of the patient if affliction was to an intolerable extent. If the doctor gives treatment which would involve physical examination, surgery, or dressing a wound without a valid consent, he would be held liable for battery. Even if treatment is continued after the consent is withdrawn, it would amount to battery. In respect of Devi [1980], doctor was held liable for battery for conducting hysterectomy which the patient had understood as having consented for only repair of her uterus. In what is know as Glass case, Jones and Samanta (2004) report that in a case that came up before European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), mother insisted on withholding her consent which doctors resisted and gave medical treatment on two occasions with an intent to give him palliative care for a dying patient. The child has survived even today though the doctors acted in the best interests of the child. The ECHR awarded costs to David’s mother finding that doctors failed to demonstrate sufficient emergency to act in the child’s best interests. In brief, the case was about Davis Glass, the patient born in 1986 as mentally and physically disabled who had been under 24 hour care and attention by his mother and family members. As he was not considered by them as terminally ill, family members hoped he would survive his normal life span. During 1998, he had to be admitted to the Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust for a tonsillectomy. His postoperative condition became complicated and after several attempts of resuscitations, doctor felt his condition had become terminal and further intensive care would not be appropriate. But family felt doctors were not interventional enough as he was born disabled and certain to die. Fortunately, David recovered and was discharged. On the next readmission, doctors wanted to use opiates in his treatment as a part of palliative care to relive him of pain, anxiety and distress. This was not agreed upon by his mother who maintained that the doctors were attempting covert euthanasia and demanded he be put to full resuscitation with intubation in case of cardiac arrest. Doctors held the view that it would not be appropriate and asked for legal advice. The solicitor advised no court’s precedent existed declining doctor’s decision to provide palliative care to an incompetent patient and who is terminally ill. This time also David improved and was sent home. But on a readmission some time later, he was diagnosed with a terminally respiratory failure condition and hence was advised administration of Diamorphine for pain relief and to free him from distress. But the mother refused to believe that he was dying and did not agree to the administration of Diamorphine which she felt would spoil his chances of recovery. Despite her reservation, hospital gave in the Diamorphine and after a lot of commotion as result due to David’s mother’s reaction, the patient surprisingly recovered whereas both doctors and the patient’s mother had come to conclusion that he was dying. The authors conclude that current case law and statutes are not sufficient to solve such problems of whether doctors have acted in the best interests of the patients or not. Quoting Glass case, Hagger LE (2004) says that health professionals should ensure that their actions are demonstrable so that they are not accused of having acted in haste and that if provisions of Human Rights Act 1998 are observed in practice, there will be no fall out. Though the following case is not medical-law related, it would be of assistance in the case of disputes between parents over their child’s right. The case involved religious upbringing and circumcision of the child. Mother was a Christian and father, a Muslim. They were both non-practicing. Their five year old boy had acquired a mixed heritage and secular life style by being brought up by his mother and staying in contact with his father. Under section 8 of the Children’s Act, father applied for boy’s circumcision which the High Court declined. The Lordship found that circumcision would be more of an exception than the rule since the boy was being brought up in non-Muslim circle. Even though father appealed claiming that boy was born a Muslim and mere separation would not render him a non-Muslim, the court held that s 1 (7) of the Children Act does not allow a parent to let his son undergo circumcision without the consent of the other especially because of circumcision is irreversible. Bridge Caroline (2000) comments Section 2(7) of the Children Act 1989 provides that: ‘Where more than one parent has parental responsibility for a child, each of them may act alone and without the other (others) in meeting that responsibility; but nothing in this Part shall be taken to effect the operation of any enactment which requires the consent of more than one person in a matter affecting the child. Clearly, there are issues recognized by s 13(1) of the Childrens Act 1989, such as changing the childs surname or removing him from the jurisdiction that requires the written consent of every person with parental responsibility. However, both Thorpe LJ and Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss P made clear that there is a small group of important decisions which should not be made by one parent, albeit with parental responsibility, in the absence of the agreement of the other. (Bridge 2000) The above case deals with not a life threatening situation for the time being and the court has not established whose right will prevail as it depends on the circumstances of each case. If the word ‘irreversible’ has any clue, the present case can have the analogy of the boy’s immediate death being irreversible in case of refusal to prolong the treatment. Besides, the father is in agreement with the doctors. Further, the glass case gives a hint that however much the doctors expected the boy would die, he survived in spite of heavy odds as the luck would have it. In Glass case also mother hoped the boy would survive which the court endorsed and awarded costs payable by the doctors. But then the doctors failed to demonstrate urgency of the palliative care. In the instant case, urgency is all the more evident in that the boy would die soon if the medication is stopped. On the other hand he would survive for another one year and who knows he may even survive longer as had happened in the case of Glass. In both cases the crucial issue was chances of survival of the child which court favoured though in case (Re J 1990), it expressed the view that treatment was not in the best interests of the patient. Hence it would be in the best interests of the medical profession, after referring to technical committee at the hospital, to seek court’s opinion for continuance or discontinuance of the treatment to Peter while at the same time continue with treatment until court’s orders are received. Guidance in paras 71 to 76 of GMC reinforces the conclusion that in case of conflict between parents or total refusal of persons with parental responsibility in unison, doctors would act in the best interests of the child to tide over the emergency by prolonging the child’s life and at the same time obtain court’s advice in the face of conflicting or defiant parents for further action. References Bridge Caroline Comment on Re J. April [2000] Fam Law 246. accessed 9 February 2008 cirp. org/library/legal/bridge1/ BMA, British Medical Association Guidance for decision making, Withholding and Withdrawing Life Prolonging Medical Treatment Devi v West Midlands RHA [1980] C. L. Y. 687 Jones Elias A. C and Samanta. J (2004) Glass v UK (Application No 61827/00) [2004] 1 FCR 553 The implications of the David Glass case for future clinical practice in the UK accessed 9 February 2008 http://adc. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/90/8/822 Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech [1986] AC 112. GMC â€Å"Withholding and withdrawing life-prolonging treatments: Good practice in decision making† accessed 8 February 2008 gmc- uk. org/guidance/index. asp Hagger L. E {2004} The Human Rights Act 1998 and medical treatment: time for re- examination Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004; 89:460-463 accessed 9 February 2008 http://adc. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/89/5/460 M [1999] 2 FLR 1097 Re J (1990) UK Clinical Ethics Network accessed 9 February 2008 www. ethics-network. org. uk

Handling Experimental observations and data Essays

Handling Experimental observations and data Essays Handling Experimental observations and data Essay Handling Experimental observations and data Essay To determine the number of moles of water of crystallization in a hydrated salt, a small amount of the hydrated salt is taken, heated gently and then heated strongly to remove the water of crystallization. Procedure: 1. Take a clean and dry beaker and weigh it out accurately in an electronic balance. 2. Weigh out accurately 2.5 g of hydrated copper sulphate crystals in the crucible. : 3. Heat the contents of the crucible gently at first and then strongly. 4. Remove the crucible from the burner when all the water of crystallization is removed from the copper sulphate crystals. 5. Allow the contents of the crucible to cool down. 6. Weigh out the crucible with its contents again until a constant reading is obtained. Table of Results Substance to be Weighed Weight in Grams Beaker alone 50.00g Beaker + copper sulphate before heating 52.50g Beaker + copper sulphate after heating 51.44g Observation: * The beaker was not directly over the fire and the blue copper sulphate crystals at the bottom of the beaker begin to turn white. * In the space of about two minutes the blue colour of the copper sulphate crystals starts fading. * After time clumps of the substance is formed. * The substance is heated strongly and most of the crystals are decolourized to white now. * A minute or so passes and all of the copper sulphate crystals are completely white. Controlled Variables: 2.5g of hydrated copper sulphate Weight of beaker 50g Calculations Weight of hydrated copper sulphate + beaker before heating = 52.50g Weight of copper sulphate + beaker after heating = 51.44g Weight of water evaporated from hydrated copper sulphate = 52.5- 51.44 = 1.06g Weight of hydrated copper sulphate = 2.5g Weight of anhydrous copper sulphate = 2.5 1.06 = 1.44g R.M.M of water = (2à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1) + 16 = 18 No. of moles of water evaporated = 1.06 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 18 = 0.0589 = 0.06 moles 1 of mole of hydrated copper sulphate = 1 mole of anhydrous copper sulphate + ? moles of water No. of moles of water incorporated into 1.44g of anhydrous copper sulphate = 0.06 No. of moles of water incorporated into 1g of anhydrous copper sulphate = 0.06 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1.44 = 0.04g Mass of 1 mole of anhydrous copper sulphate = 63.5 + 32 + (4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 16) =159.5g No. of moles of water incorporated into 159.5g of anhydrous copper sulphate = 0.04 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 159.5 = 6.38g Anomalous Result: Copper sulphate has five (5) moles of water but after heating I found it to have 6.38g. This was caused by experimental mistakes. Sources of Error I did not heat the substance gently properly. I let the spatula touch the substance. Ways to Improve Experimental Results I could improve my experimental result but fix the way I gentle heat the substance by waving it over the flame to make sure that all the water particles are evaporated out of the anhydrous copper sulphate. Conclusion The water crystallization in 2.5g of copper sulphate was evaporated by firstly being heated gently and then strongly.

Schmitz Surname Meaning and Family History

Schmitz Surname Meaning and Family History The surname Schmitz is an occupational surname for blacksmith or metalworker, from the German word schmied or the Danish smed. In some cases it was used as a patronymic form of Schmidt, meaning son of Schmidt. See also the surnames SCHMIDT and SMITH. SCHMITZ  is the 24th most common German surname. Surname Origin:  German, Danish Alternate Surname Spellings:   SCHMID, SCHMITT, SCHMIDT Famous People with the Surname SCHMITZ: James Henry Schmitz - American science fiction writerJupp Schmitz  - German musician and entertainerBruno Schmitz - German architectJohannes Andreas Schmitz - 17th century Dutch physicianE. Robert Schmitz - Franco-American pianist and composerLeonhard Schmitz - German-born classical scholar and educator Where is the SCHMITZSurname Most Common? The SCHMITZ surname today is most prevalent in Germany, according  to surname distribution from  Forebears, where it ranks as the 25th most common surname. It is more common  based on population percentage, however, in the small country of Luxembourg, where it is the 6th most common last name. According to  WorldNames PublicProfiler, Schmitz  is extremely common throughout the country of Luxembourg, especially in the Diekirch region.  It is also especially frequent in the Nordrhein-Westfalen and Rheinland-Pfalz regions of Germany. Surname maps from Verwandt.de also indicate Schmitz is most common in western Germany, in places such as Cologne, Rhein-Seig-Kreis, Rhein-Erft-Kreis, Rhein-Kreis Neuss, Euskirchen,  Dà ¼ren, Aachen, Viersen,  Mà ¶nchengladbach and  Dà ¼sseldorf. Genealogy Resources for the Surname SCHMITZ German Surnames - Meanings and OriginsUncover the meaning of your German last name with this guide to the origins of German surnames and the meanings of the top 50 most common  German surnames. Schmitz  Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Schmitz  family crest or coat of arms for the Schmitz surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted. Smith DNA ProjectOver 2,400 individuals with the Smith surname- including variations such as Schmidt, Smythe, Smidt and Schmitz- have joined this DNA project to use DNA in combination with genealogy research to sort out over 220 distinct groups of Smith descendants. Schmitz  Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Schmitz  surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Schmitz query. FamilySearch - SCHMITZ  GenealogyExplore over 5.5 million results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Schmitz  surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. SCHMITZ  Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Schmitz  surname. DistantCousin.com - SCHMITZ  Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Schmitz. GeneaNet - Schmitz  RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Schmitz  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. The Schmitz  Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Schmitz  surname from the website of Genealogy Today.   - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back toGlossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Profile of the Nazi Low Riders - NLR

Profile of the Nazi Low Riders - NLR The Nazi Low Riders (also known as the NLR) originated during the 1970s inside a California Youth Authority facility and is closely associated with the two gangs - Aryan Brotherhood (AB) and the Public Enemy Number One (PEN1). Founded by John Stinson, a white supremacist inmate, the gang was originally formed to act on behalf of the powerful Aryan Brotherhood. Alliances were made and the NLR acted as errand boys to the AB. In the 1980s, the authorities worked hard to break up the AB by isolating its known members in maximum lockup prisons like Pelican Bay and other Security Housing Units (SHUs) and the NLR was needed to conduct AB business in the medium security prisons. Up to this point, the NLR was viewed by prison officials more as a troublesome group rather than a gang. But with its strong alliance with the AB, which had proven to be the most powerful and ruthless prison gang, the NLR began to grow and prison officials took notice. Unlike the AB with its strict - whites only - policy, the NLR permitted some Hispanics to join. Money, not racial purity, seemed to be their ultimate goal. However, in 1999, the NLR was officially classified by CDC authorities as a prison gang causing its membership to also be housed in SHUs, thus diminishing the NLRs usefulness to the AB. Organizational Structure Unlike their AB mentors, the NLR has a simple structure which is adhered to more inside the prisons than on the streets. There is a three-tier system: Seniors: Requires five years of gang membership and at least three seniors must elect the candidate.Juniors: Act in the  capacity of foot soldiers and may recruit new members, but cannot induct new members into the gang.Kids: Are recruits generally coming from smaller gangs. Symbols - Tattoos SwastikasNLR - Nazi Low RidersSS - Lightning boltsHH - Heil Hitler88 - The numerical equal to HHWP - White PowerWSU - White Student UnionAYM - Aryan Youth Movement There are no strict rules about placement of NLR tattoos. In fact, many NLR members are hiding their tattoos in order to avoid being detected as a member and thus being sent to a maximum security prison. Others tell prison officials that the NLR tattoo stands for No Longer Racist. Enemies/Rivals American MafiaBloodsCripsNorteà ±osBlack Guerrilla FamilyNuestra FamiliaMara SalvatruchaLos Angeles crime familyRussian MafiaFriends Stand UnitedLos ZetasOutlawsIsraeli Mafia Allies Aryan BrotherhoodPublic Enemy No.1 Today the NLR operates on the streets, but primarily inside prisons. They have engaged in a variety of criminal activity including extortion, the production and distribution of illegal narcotics, assault, hate crimes, and murder. There are an estimated 1,000 members spread across California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Oklahoma, Illinois and Florida. Internal Struggles In recent years the gang has had some internal struggles over the race issue. One group wants to adopt the Aryan Brotherhood policy of pure white members only, while others want to remain with a half-white ancestry and no black ancestry policy for membership. The Nazi Low Riders Oath I, as a Nazi Low Rider, hereby swear an unrelenting oath upon the green graves of our sires, upon the children in the wombs of our wives, upon the throne of god almighty, sacred to his name, to join together in the holy union with the brothers in this circle and to declare forthright that from this day moment on that I have no fear of death, no fear of foe, that I have a sacred duty to do whatever is necessary to deliver our people from the Jew and bring total victory to the Nazi Low Riders.I, as a Nazi Low Rider Warrior, swear myself to complete secrecy to the Order and total loyalty to my comrades.Let me bear witness to you, my brothers, that should one of you fall in battle, I will see to the welfare and well-being of your family.Let me bear witness to you, my brothers, that should one of you be taken prisoner, I will do whatever is necessary to regain your freedom.Let me bear witness to you, my brothers, that should an enemy agent hurt you, I will chase him to the ends of the ear th and remove his head from his body. And furthermore, let me bear witness to you, my brothers, that if I break this oath let me be forever cursed upon the lips of our people as a coward and an oath breaker.My brothers, let us be his battle-ax and weapons of war. Let us go forward by ones and twos, by scores and legions and as true Nazi Low Riders with pure hearts and strong minds face the enemies of our brotherhood and families, with courage and determination.We hereby invoke the blood covenant and declare that we are in a full state of war and will not lay down our weapons until we have driven the enemy into the sea and reclaimed that which is rightfully ours. Through our blood and gods will, the land will be that of our children. UNTIL DEATH

International Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

International Accounting Standards - Essay Example When comparing its financial position and results of operations for the last year or years, competitors located in the same country like the United Kingdom can be easily compared and contrasted. A little difficulty arises when the financial statements of competing companies are compared and one company is located in the United Kingdom and the other stiff competitors are located in other countries like the United States, Japan, Canada, Brazil, China, India etc. They say that accounting is the language of business. Just as misinterpretation could be eliminated if people from Germany and Spain understand each other, misunderstandings and variances in the interpretation of the balance sheet and income statement are due to the different financial statement standards and methods of reporting which includes costing, billing and cost distributions. One major problem is that each country has researched and approved own generally accepted accounting principles individually. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the widely accepted set of rules, conventions, standards, and procedures that are used for reporting financial information which are researched and established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board of each country. (Sanella, 1991) One example of a generally accepted accounting principle is the United Kingdom's generally accepted accounting principle as to when to record a transaction as cash or receivable or another accounting data.Another problem is that the individual financial data ( Belkaoui, 1999) reported in the financial statements are cash inflows and cash outflows that are inherent and unique to each country. For example, average daily salary paid for the factory worker in competing companies will have a big disparity because salaries of production personnel in third world countries like India are estimated to be ten times lower than the average daily wage of a production worker in the Great Britain or Germany.Another problem is that the modes of transporting the goods in India or Brazil is not as advanced or fast as the mode of transportation in the United Kingdom or the United States.As of this time, there is no one size fit all when it comes to global accounting standards. In relation to this topi c, The European Union which is a conglomeration of individual independent states in Europe, including the United Kingdom, has come up with the European Court of Justice that gives decisions on cases within the European Union community even though each country has its own courts of law.The Tax consultants, accountants and financial statement analysts are at odds when comparing electricity, salary, rent, asset amortization and depreciation, assignment of values to assets between countries. We know that the standard of living in London is very much higher than the standard of living in China.Each accountant, financial stateme

The Catholic church did not help the Jewish people during the Essay

The Catholic church did not help the Jewish people during the Holocaust - Essay Example It has been estimated that during the Holocaust approximately nine million Jews occupied Europe but almost two thirds lost their lives through Holocaust. Pope Pius XII was the catholic Pope during the time of the Holocaust1. Various controversies surrounded the position of the Pope in advocating against the Holocaust. The Pope took a more neutral position; he only made statements that condemned the injustices done against humanity, without coming boldly to condemn the Nazis for the massacre. The Pope failed in his authority and demonstrated that the Catholic Church had no firm position on the Holocaust. The Catholic Church’s main representative to the modern age is the Pope, During the Holocaust; Pope Pius XII was besieged to help the Jews to no avail. The Jews were constantly killed throughout every collaborating country in Europe. The Pope has continued to hold a supreme authority and was seen to influence political situations. Around 1941, the Cardinal of Vienna, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer took time to speak with the Pope on the issue of Jews that were deported from Spain to Germany where they were killed. In addition, there was pressure from a delegation from the United States to have the Pope condemn the killings2. However, the Pope took a very undefined position and was not bold and vocal in condemning the attacks. The argument by the Pope was that condemnation of the atrocities would have negative implications on the catholic faithfuls in Germany. This reason made the Pope to take a more neutral position. When a Ukrainian citizen, Andrej Septyckyj wrote to the Pope poi nting out to the ruthless nature of the German government, surprisingly the Pope replied with a verse from the Bible asking Andrej to bear adversity with patience3. There were opportunities for the voice of the church leaders to be heard but the neutrality aspect made the Pope and his cardinals to remain mum. Around 1940,

Realism, Liberalism, and the English School Research Paper

Realism, Liberalism, and the English School - Research Paper Example The Realist school makes it clear that States are to act to secure their fundamental national interest in foreign policy, and in this way are countered by the school of Liberalism in foreign policy. The Liberal school of foreign policy believes that the ideals, ideologies, and cultural principles of the nation are what the government and its ministers should also advocate through international relations. In this manner, the Liberal school critiques the moral nature of the Realist school, inferring that what is called â€Å"reality† in this interpretation is merely a projection of the self-serving interests of power and generally minority or oligarchic interests. In this manner, the ideals that are derived from moral principles can also be implemented as a goal in foreign policy through Liberalism. An example of this would be the internationalization of human rights and democratic principles through treaty accords. There is a third school of international relations that can be viewed as a synthesis of the schools of Liberalism and Realism. The English School, developed through the experience of British Empire building, advocates the pursuit of liberal principles and ideas internationally through foreign policy but doing so in a realistic manner that is not in conflict with essential national interests. The assumptions of each of the schools are found in prior judgments that are part of the system of thought or belief system that the philosophies operate through in foreign policy.... sumptions of each of the schools are found in a priori judgments that are part of the system of thought or belief system that the philosophies operate through in foreign policy. For example, the Realist school can be seen as an empirical and materialist philosophy, in that it focuses on specific gains that can be measured, planned for, and rationally studied to determine the extent of accomplishment. The Realist school projects the self-interest of the individual in a macro-framework as the State, and in this manner favors the centralization of power in one individual, as in a monarchy, dictatorship, prime minister, or president. The Realist school bases its definition of the State on the centralization of power, as this authority in military, finance, and legal statutes are assumed to be able to be mobilized upon a common policy of government in international relationships that attain concrete goals. As the Realist school is based on a type of calculation in power relations with obj ectives established in advanced and accomplished through strategic planning, it enables the development of International Relations as a formal discipline, similar to economics and law. The Liberal school generally accepts the a priori judgment of the Realists, but seeks to reform it on the principles of Humanism. In theory, where the Realists trace their lineage back to Machiavelli, Hobbes, Adam Smith, and Hume, the Liberal school looks to Rousseau as the exemplar and archetype of progressive philosophy applied in a humanistic manner for the purpose of freedom and human liberation. In this regard, while the Realist school may have no moral objection to enslave, coerce, or dominate a local population if it furthered the aims of the State as defined by those in power, the Liberal school would

Discuss the significance of the endi ng of The Glass Menagerie , in Essay

Discuss the significance of the endi ng of The Glass Menagerie , in terms of symbols, characters, and themes - Essay Example The mother is trying to compensate the shortcomings in her life by thinking of her good old days. Amanda says â€Å"What are we going to do, what is going to become of us, what is the future?" ( Williams ) All the characters are forcing themselves to escape from the reality as her daughter Laura is illussioned by glass works while son wanders along in frustration. In the climax, we can see that characters come at different points of struggling. The climax has lot of significance because people in the story change their choices and preferences to make their life better. Tom who is the son of Amanda decides to use the money he have for his purpose instead of paying electric bill of house. He thinks to leave his family in search of an adventure to break off from family struggle and start a life of his own. In the end also the dreams of Laura changes as Jim announces his engagement. He then breaks the horn of her glass unicorn in mistake which was gifted by Laura. When Jim announces that he is engaged it destroys the chance of eliminating the self doubt and shyness of Laura. We can see that this incident has brought a mental and emotional trauma in Laura and Amanda. When Amanda hears the news of Jim getting engaged, she loses the hope of her daughter getting popularity and social standing. She related this to her experience where she also lost a chance to come up in social circle of life. In the end, we can see that all the hopes and desires of characters fall apart and show how illusion and fantasies can spoil our life. Amanda says â€Å"I’ll tell you what I wished for on the moon. Success and happiness for my precious children! I wish for that whenever there’s a moon, and when there isn’t a moon, I wish for it, too." (Williams ).Tom not paying the bills shows that the he is frustrated with his family. Amanda has a change